UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Tragic Troy and Athens: heroic space in Attic drama van Uum, P.T. Publication date 2013 Document Version Final published version Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): van Uum, P. T. (2013). Tragic Troy and Athens: heroic space in Attic drama. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:30 Sep 2021 Tragic Troy and Athens Heroic Space in Attic Drama Space in Attic Heroic and Athens Troy Tragic Tragic Troy and Athens Heroic Space in Attic Drama Paul van Uum Paul van Uum van Paul Tragic Troy and Athens Heroic Space in Attic Drama ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. D.C. van den Boom ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Agnietenkapel op woensdag 18 december 2013, te 16 uur door Paul Theodorus van Uum geboren te Zevenaar Promotiecommissie Promotor: prof. dr. I.J.F. de Jong Overige leden: prof. dr. J.W. van Henten prof. dr. A.P.M.H. Lardinois prof. dr. I. Sluiter dr. M.P. de Bakker dr. J.P. Crielaard Faculteit der Geesteswetenschappen 3 Acknowledgements This book could not have been written without the help of several people, to whom I wish to express my sincere gratitude: My supervisor Irene de Jong, who selected me as her PhD student, super- vised my project, and proved not only to be a meticulous reader, but also a con- stant source of support and encouragement; Baukje van den Berg, Jan Paul Crielaard, Jo Heirman, Jan Willem van Henten, Niels Koopman, Maarten Prot, and John Tholen, who read various chapters of this book and thoroughly commented on them; The members of the Amsterdamse Hellenistenclub, who read my chapter on the acropolis and provided insightful suggestions for improvement; Christopher Pelling, Ineke Sluiter, and Rosalind Thomas, whose responses to my conference papers helped me improve my argument; The staff of the Department of Classics, Radboud University Nijmegen, in particular André Lardinois, who increased my interest in Greek poetry and helped me obtain the PhD-position in Amsterdam; Elizabeth Upper, who accurately corrected my English; The board and members of OIKOS (the National Research School in Classical Studies in the Netherlands), who contributed not only to my academic education, but also to my pleasure in academic life; Several other institutes that provided the financial means for me to conduct this project, particularly the NWO (Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Re- search), ICG (Institute of Culture and History, University of Amsterdam), and Phi- lologische Studiefonds; My parents Theo and José, whose unremitting confidence and support have carried me through. With gratitude I dedicate this book to them. Printer: GVO drukkers & vormgevers B.V. | Ponsen & Looijen Image on cover: Gavin Cre Hamilton, Hector's Farewell to Andromache, c. 1775-80. © The Hunterian, University of Glasgow 2013. 4 Contents Editions 6 Abbreviations 7 Introduction 8 1. Heroic space in tragedy: the state of the art 10 1 Ancient views 10 2 Modern views 15 3 Conclusion 23 2. Remembering heroic space: a framework of analysis 24 1 Remembering the past 24 2 Literary functions of space 37 3. Troy 42 3.1 The city 42 1 Wall 42 2 Temples 48 3 Altars 55 4 Statues 61 5 Houses 67 3.2 The Troad 76 1 Trojan plain 76 2 Graves 87 3 Mount Ida 99 3.3 Conclusion 110 4. Athens 113 4.1 Acropolis 113 1 Nature 114 2 Buildings and objects 122 4.2 Areopagus 130 5 4.3 Demes 137 1 Eleusis 137 2 Colonus 141 4.4 Conclusion 147 5. Heroic space in tragedy: conclusion 149 Summary 153 Samenvatting 157 Bibliography 161 6 Editions * The list only includes texts of which passages are quoted in full. Aeschylus Page D.L. 1972, Aeschyli septem quae supersunt tragoedias. Oxford. - fragments Radt S. 1985, Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta. Volume 3. Göttingen. - scholia Smith O.L. 1976-82, Scholia Graeca in Aeschylum quae exstant omnia. Leipzig. Herington C.J. 1972, The Older Scholia on the Prometheus Bound. Lei- den. Epic Cycle West M.L. 2003, Greek Epic Fragments. From the Seventh to the Fifth Centuries BC. Cambridge/London. Euripides Diggle J. 1984, Euripidis Fabulae. Oxford. - fragments Nauck A. [1889] 1964, Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta. Leipzig. Austin C. 1968, Nova fragmenta Euripidea in papyris reperta. Berlin. Page D.L. [1941] 1970, Select Papyri. Volume 3. London. - scholia Schwartz E. [1887-91] 1966, Scholia in Euripidem. Berlin. Homer Allen T.W. 1931, Homeri Ilias. Oxford. Mühll von der P. 1962, Homeri Odyssea. Basel. Sophocles Lloyd-Jones H., Wilson N.G. 1990, Sophoclis Fabulae. Oxford. - fragments Radt S. 1977, Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta. Volume 4. Göttingen. - scholia Papageorgius P.N. 1888, Scholia in Sophoclis tragoedias vetera. Leipzig. 7 Abbreviations *Abbreviations of ancient texts and authors are according to LSJ. AG Beckby H. 1965, Anthologia Graeca. Munich. CID Rougemont G. et alii 1977-2013, Corpus des inscriptions de Delphes. Athens. DELG Chantraine P. et alii 1968-80, Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grec- que. Paris. DK Diels H., Kranz W. 1951-2, Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker. Zürich (sixth edition). DNP Cancik H., Schneider H., Landfester M., Der Neue Pauly. Brill Online. EDG Beekes G.R. 2010, Etymological Dictionary of Greek. Leiden. FGrH Jacoby F. 1923-58, Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker. Berlin/Leiden. HE Finkelberg M. 2010, The Homer Encyclopedia. Malden. IG Kirchhoff A. et alii 1860- , Inscriptiones Graecae. Berlin. LfgrE Snell B., Mette H.J. 1955-2010, Lexikon des frühgriechischen Epos. Göttingen. LIMC Ackermann H.C. 1981-99, Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae. Zürich. LSJ Liddell H.G., Scott R., Stuart Jones H., McKenzie R. 1996, A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford (ninth edition). PMG Page D.L. 1962, Poetae Melici Graeci. Oxford. SEG Hondius J.J.E. et alii 1923- , Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum. Leiden. SG Page D.L. 1974, Supplementum lyricis Graecis. Oxford. TrGF Snell B., Kannicht R., Radt S.L. 1971-2004, Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmen- ta. Göttingen. 8 Introduction In 1997, Walt Disney released the movie Hercules, which brought the world of the Greek heroes to the big screen. This movie won many prizes, but none for histori- cal accuracy – and probably, rightly so. Although it contains a number of ele- ments from ancient Greece, such as temples and papyrus rolls, it largely resem- bles the late twentieth century. One only has to look at the city of Thebes, where Hercules lives. It has, for instance, a Walk of Fame, containing the footprints of Hercules and his winged horse Pegasus, as well as a ‘Hercules Store’, where citi- zens buy animation puppets and pay with credit cards called ‘Grecian Express’. People drink energy drinks called ‘Herculade’ and walk on ‘Herc Air’ sandals, for which big billboards hang in the city. The omnipresence of modern elements primarily aims at making the ancient Greek world understandable for little chil- dren, the target audience of the movie, although it may also have a comic side effect, particularly for adults. The ancient Greeks themselves also brought the heroic world to life, for ex- ample in literature, painting, and sculpture. This book deals with the ‘tragic world’, the heroic world presented in Attic tragedy of the fifth century BC.1 Whereas pre- vious studies have primarily focussed on the social and political aspects of this world, such as its relation to contemporary civic ideology,2 this book treats the largely neglected aspect of space, namely the physical features of the tragic world: the landscape, buildings, and objects. It analyses what the heroic world in tragedy ‘looks like’; in other words, what physical elements ‘build up’ the heroic world. It is striking that the topic of heroic space has received so little attention in studies of tragedy, while in Homeric scholarship it has been a subject of discus- sion for more than a century. A vexed question in this field is the historicity of the Homeric world, the relation between the represented world and the ‘real’ world. Scholars disagree whether the Homeric world is a real, historical world – either the Greek Bronze Age (1600-1200), the Dark Age (1200-750), or the Early Archaic Age (750-650) – or whether it has never existed as such. They try to date the Ho- meric world by identifying historical equivalents for buildings and objects de- 1 I shorten the phrase ‘heroic world in tragedy’ to ‘tragic world’ and ‘heroic world in Homer’ to ‘Homeric world’. 2 E.g. Easterling 1997, 21-37. According to Goldhill (1987), Meier (1988) and Carter (2007), the heroic world in tragedy is used to question contemporary civic ideology. 9 scribed by Homer.3 Although this debate is far from settled, I have chosen to focus on the historicity of the tragic world, since this topic has been largely neglected.