Table of Contents How to Use This Product. 3 Greek Theater Masks . .47–50 Who’s Who in Greece . .49 Introduction to Primary Sources. 5 Greek Gifts Galore . .47 Using Primary Sources Greek Theater Masks . .50 Greek Burial Mask . .51–54 Photographs Greek Goodbyes . .51 Front View of the Parthenon . .15–16 Fact or Fiction? . .53 Front and Center . .15 A Greek Burial Mask . .54 Athenian Acropolis . .17–18 Bust of Socrates . .55–58 From a Distance . .17 So Sorry . .55 The Parthenon . .19–20 Greek Literature . .57 Democracy—Then and Now . .19 Excerpt from Plato’s Apology . .58 Greek Theater . .21–22 Bust of Homer . .59–62 Get Your Ticket . .21 Poet and Poetry . .59 Homer and the Epics . .61 Ruins of the Temple of Zeus Excerpt from the Odyssey . .62 in Olympia . .23–24 Picture It Then . .23 Document Based Assessments . 63 Greek Woman Statue . .25–26 Greek Architecture . .63 How Do I Look? . .25 Greek Cities . .64 Statue of Poseidon . .27–28 Mosaics . .65 Sea Statue! . .27 Greek Entertainment . .66 Octopus Amphora . .29–30 Paint the Town! . .29 Greek Temples . .67 Greek Woman . .68 Primary Sources Greek Columns . .69 Corinthian Column . .31–34 Let’s Have Order! . .31 Ancient Coins . .70 A Tall Order . .33 The Fall of Troy . .71 Three Orders of Columns . .34 Greek Art . .72 Greek Helmets . .35–38 Socrates’ Philosophy . .73 Soldier from Head to Toe . .35 Hats Off to the Greeks . .37 Review Essay Question . .74 Three Greek Helmets . .38 Appendix . 75 Greek Writing . .39–42 About Your CD-ROM . .75 From Alpha to Omega . .39 Writing Greek . .41 Suggested Young-Adult Literature A Sample of Greek Writing . .42 and Websites . .77 Greek Coins . .43–46 Document-Based Assessment Pay Up . .43 Rubric Example . .78 No Change . .45 Answer Key . .79 Greek Coins . .46 #3927 Exploring History—Ancient Greece 2 ©Teacher Created Materials, Inc. Using Primary Sources Athenian Acropolis From a Distance Standard/Objective • Identify and use processes important to reconstructing and reinterpreting the past, such as using a variety of sources; providing, validating, and weighing evidence for claims; checking credibility of sources; and searching for causality. (NCSS) • Students will identify the characteristics and uses of various buildings on the Acropolis during ancient times. Materials copies of both sides of the Acropolis photo card; Athenian Acropolis at Night (Corel) copies of the historical background information (page 18); reference materials on the Athenian Acropolis Discussion Questions • What building(s) do you see in the photograph? What buildings are missing in this photograph? • Which buildings would you consider to be the most significant ones on this hill? Why do you consider these the most important? • Why do you think the buildings were built on a hill? • What do you imagine was Pericles’ vision for Greece when he rebuilt the Acropolis? Using the Primary Source Have the students study, describe, analyze, and reflect upon the photograph. Have the students discuss the identifying features of the Acropolis in Athens and name some of the monuments in the photograph. Encourage them to discover how and why the Athenian Acropolis was important to the Greek culture and daily life. Instruct students to imagine that they are tour guides for the Acropolis. Allow time for students to research the various buildings. After the researching process, have all students prepare original speeches to be used on the tour through the Acropolis. Have students make at least four stops to describe buildings, their uses, and any other important information that they would share with someone touring. Extension Idea • Have the students imagine they are birds flying over the Acropolis. In descriptive paragraphs, have them write about what they see from above. ©Teacher Created Materials, Inc. 17 #3927 Exploring History—Ancient Greece Using Primary Sources Athenian Acropolis From a Distance (cont.) Historical Background Information An acropolis was the religious center, military center, and place of refuge in an emergency. It was the center of city activity, and from 1400 to 1100 B.C., it was the king’s palace. It was also the place for common people to gather for shopping. The Greeks built an acropolis as a fortress on the highest point in a city. The most important temples of the city were The Athenian Acropolis (Corbis) included there as shrines to honor the gods. The most famous Greek acropolis was built in Athens on a rocky hilltop sitting high above the city. In 480 B.C., the Persians demolished many of the buildings on the acropolis in Athens. The Athenians, however, then built a magnificent new group of temples in dedication to the goddess Athena, the patron of the city. The architecture of the largest temple, the Parthenon, has been reproduced for its beauty in other cities around the world. In fact, Nashville, Tennessee, has a reproduction of this building that serves as a museum. As people see the reproduction, they can imagine how proud ancient Athenians must have been of their Acropolis and the Parthenon. The famous Athenian Acropolis sits upon a hill sometimes called the “Sacred Rock” of Athens. It was the most important site of the city. Pericles was the Athenian statesman during the “Golden Age” credited with rebuilding the Acropolis after its destruction during the Persian Wars. The inscriptions on the numerous offerings to the sanctuary of Athena give insight into the past and indicate that followers of the city’s patron goddess were established as early as the Archaic period (650–480 B.C.). From the Acropolis, it is easy to see why this rocky hilltop was chosen as the first fortress of ancient Athens. It was a natural defensive site, the perfect location for these sacred buildings. Once fortified, it was safe from invaders, although defenders were hampered by the lack of water on the Acropolis. At the foot of the Acropolis was the Agora or marketplace that served as Athens’ civic center. The Odeion, a theater, and other government buildings such as the Bouleuterion, Metroon, and Tholos were located at the Agora. On sacred holidays, a parade, or procession, went up the hill of the Acropolis. It passed through a large roofed gateway, called the Propylaea, and visited the various temples. Most of the temples built on the Acropolis were shrines to Athena. The most important monument located on this hill is the Parthenon, which is still an icon for ancient Greece. #3927 Exploring History—Ancient Greece 18 ©Teacher Created Materials, Inc. ie70 Athenian Acropolis Historical Background Information An acropolis is a meeting place, religious center, and military center of the city-state. The famous Athenian Acropolis was a fortified hill that stood above the center of Athens. The Acropolis hill, sometimes called the “Sacred Rock” of Athens, was the most important site of the city. During the “Golden Age” of Greece, some of the greatest Greek architectural masterpieces of the period were erected on its ground. Pericles, an Athenian statesman during the “Golden Age,” was responsible for constructing many of the temples on the Athenian Acropolis. Over the centuries, the rocky hill was used as a gathering place for groups or as a residential area. The ancient Greeks built the Parthenon and other temples on the hill to honor Athena, the patron of Athens, as well as other gods and goddesses. Analyzing History Historical Writing Knowledge Fiction What is an acropolis? Pretend you are Athena. Write a note of appreciation to the builders of the Athenian Acropolis. Comprehension Give an example of a building found Nonfiction on the Athenian Acropolis. Pericles improved his city during his reign. Write a paragraph on how you could improve your city. Application Why was the Athenian Acropolis a fitting home to temples honoring Athena, the warrior goddess? Analysis Propose reasons why the Acropolis was built on a hill. History Challenge Synthesis Design a post card that you could send from the Acropolis. Research the Agora, or marketplace, Draw an appropriate illustration on one side and write a note that was situated at the bottom of the to your friend about what you have most enjoyed seeing Acropolis’ hill. List some reasons why while visiting Athens. the average Greek might visit this area of the Acropolis. Evaluation Compare the Greek “Golden Age” to other Greek eras. ©Teacher Created Materials, Inc. #3927 Exploring History Through Primary Sources—Ancient Greece Using Primary Sources Greek Writing From Alpha to Omega Standard/Objective • Describe and analyze the role of technology in communications, transportation, information processing, weapons development, or other areas as it contributes to or helps to resolve conflicts. (NCSS) • Students will learn about the Greek educational system and the contribution of the Greek language to English. Materials copy of the facsimile Greek Writing; copies of the historical background information (page 40); copies of the student activity sheet (page 41); dictionaries Discussion Questions • Explain how an ancient Greek education differs from a modern education. • Give examples of some of the things that both girls and boys might be taught in ancient Greece. • Why weren’t girls educated using the same methods as boys? • Describe what school would have been like in ancient Greece. • What do you see in the Greek writing that provides any evidence as to what was written, why, and in what language? • Who do you suppose wrote this? Using the Primary Source Give each student a copy of the Greek writing on the wall. Seek generalizations from students about what they see. What influence has Greek writing had on the English language? Would the writer have been male or female? Then, have students compare the Greek educational system to modern systems. Students can brainstorm in small groups any changes in education that have occurred or should occur.