DISEASES OF SMALL RUMINANTS: A HANDBOOK Common Diseases of Sheep and Goats in Sub-Saharan Africa by Lughano Kusiluka and Dominic Kambarage funded by Overseas Development Administration Animal Health Programme 1996 ISBN 0 9522299 5 1 Edited and Published by VETAID Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine Easter Bush Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG Scotland © VETAID 1996 Technical editing and Typesetting by Ruaraidh Petre, VETAID Printed on Recycled paper by Capital Print Ltd This electronic document has been scanned from an original paper document and converted to text using optical character recognition (OCR) software with manual correction and minimal reformatting. K. Campbell 2005 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Much of the information present in this handbook is based on research papers published in journals, country reports and papers presented at conferences, workshops and symposia dealing with management systems and diseases of small-ruminants in the sub-Saharan region. The authors are very grateful to the immeasurable efforts of many scientists who have devoted much of their time in documenting the management systems and diseases of small ruminants with particular reference to those occurring in the sub-Saharan region. Without these valuable sources, it would have not been possible to compile the handbook. In order to avoid cluttering the text, these references have not been given in the text, but a list of references is given at the end of each chapter. The contribution of other authors of veterinary literature from different parts of the world which supplement or complement the literature in the sub-Saharan region is highly appreciated. The particular inputs of Dr Leslie J.S. Harrison and Mr Chris J. Daborn of the Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine (Edinburgh, UK) and, Dr Richard W. Matthewman of the Natural Resource Institute (Kent, UK) are greatly acknowledged. The publication of this handbook has been possible with the kind support of VETAID, Scotland as part of extension materials prepared for the veterinary extension staff under an ODA (UK) funded project on Management Systems and Health Problems of Goats in Morogoro Region, Tanzania which was managed by VETAID. We hope that veterinarians in other countries will also find the handbook a valuable source of information. L.J.M. Kusiluka D.M. Kambarage November 1995 Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro, Tanzania. iii CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER 1 SYSTEMS OF SMALL RUMINANT MANAGEMENT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA... 2 TRADITIONAL SMALL RUMINANT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS........................................................ 2 MODERN SMALL RUMINANT PRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 5 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER 2 DISEASES CAUSED BY HELMINTHS .............................................................................. 8 AETIOLOGY .................................................................................................................................................... 8 EPIDEMIOLOGY............................................................................................................................................... 9 TRANSMISSION ............................................................................................................................................. 12 CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL FEATURES .................................................................................................... 13 DIAGNOSIS.................................................................................................................................................... 17 TREATMENT.................................................................................................................................................. 19 CONTROL...................................................................................................................................................... 20 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................. 21 CHAPTER 3 DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIA.................................................................................. 25 PNEUMONIA.............................................................................................................................................. 25 BRUCELLOSIS........................................................................................................................................... 28 FOOTROT ................................................................................................................................................... 30 DERMATOPHILOSIS (STREPTOTHRICOSIS) ....................................................................................... 33 CASEOUS LYMPHADENITIS .................................................................................................................. 35 ANTHRAX.................................................................................................................................................. 37 BLACKQUARTER (BLACKLEG)............................................................................................................. 39 MALIGNANT OEDEMA (GAS GANGRENE).......................................................................................... 41 TETANUS ................................................................................................................................................... 43 INFECTIOUS NECROTIC HEPATITIS..................................................................................................... 45 ENTEROTOXAEMIA CAUSED BY CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGES TYPES B AND C........................ 47 PULPY KIDNEY DISEASE........................................................................................................................ 49 BOTULISM ................................................................................................................................................. 51 COLIBACILLOSIS ..................................................................................................................................... 53 SALMONELLOSIS..................................................................................................................................... 55 MASTITIS ................................................................................................................................................... 57 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................. 59 CHAPTER 4 DISEASES CAUSED BY MYCOPLASMA ....................................................................... 63 PNEUMONIA.............................................................................................................................................. 63 CONTAGIOUS AGALACTIAE ................................................................................................................. 64 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................. 65 CHAPTER 5 DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUSES..................................................................................... 66 PESTE DES PETITS RUMINANTS .................................................................................................................... 66 RINDERPEST ............................................................................................................................................. 68 CONTAGIOUS ECTHYMA ....................................................................................................................... 68 GOAT AND SHEEPPOX ............................................................................................................................ 70 NAIROBI SHEEP DISEASE....................................................................................................................... 72 BLUETONGUE........................................................................................................................................... 74 RIFT VALLEY FEVER............................................................................................................................... 76 OVINE PROGRESSIVE PNEUMONIA (MAEDI/VISNA) ....................................................................... 79 RABIES ....................................................................................................................................................... 80 FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE (FMD) ..................................................................................................... 82 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................. 83 CHAPTER 6 DISEASES CAUSED BY PROTOZOA AND RICKETTSIA ........................................... 87 i COCCIDIOSIS ...........................................................................................................................................