Hawaii Commercial Building Guidelines for Energy Efficiency This report has been cataloged as follows: Eley Associates (aka Architectural Energy Corporation) Hawaii commercial building guidelines for energy efficiency. Honolulu: Energy, Resources & Technology Division, Dept. of Business, Economic Development and Tourism, State of Hawaii, 2004. 1. Buildings-Energy conservation-Hawaii. I. Hawaii. Dept. of Business, Economic Development and Tourism. Energy, Resources & Technology Division. TJ164.5.B84.E7.2004 This document is available from www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/ert/cbg This publication was funded by U.S. Department of Energy grant #DE-FG51-99R021082 and DE-FG51-02R021337. Any opinions or recommendations expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of, nor constitute an en- dorsement by, the USDOE, State of Hawaii, or any agent, em- ployee, partner, or contributor thereof. HAWAII COMMERCIAL BUILDING GUIDELINES FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY PREFACE PREFACE Introduction to Energy Efficiency Guidelines The Hawaii Commercial Building Guidelines for Energy Efficiency promote the design of energy-efficient buildings that are also healthy and pleasing places to spend time in. These guidelines address new construction as well as major renovation of commer- cial buildings. This document is written for architects, engineers, lighting de- signers, contractors, building owners, and others making deci- sions about the design of buildings and their systems. Building professionals often have a hard time obtaining information about the relative efficiency and costs of design alternatives, especially when they are working under a tight schedule. These guidelines are intended to make that information readily accessible. While these guidelines cover a wide range of topics, they are not intended to be comprehensive. Other energy efficiency strategies not included here may be appropriate as well. These guidelines cover the following topics, with a separate chapter dedicated to each topic: 1. Whole Building Design 2. Natural Ventilation 3. Daylighting 4. Electric Lighting and Controls 5. Energy-Efficient Windows 6. Cool Roof Systems 7. Dehumidification 8. HVAC and Water Heating 9. Building Heating, Cooling and Power Systems This document is available from: www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/ert/cbg iii HAWAII COMMERCIAL BUILDING GUIDELINES FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Whole Building Design Overview of Whole Building Design..................................................... 1-1 Whole Building Design and Construction Process .............................. 1-2 Solar Control Strategy.......................................................................... 1-4 Daylighting and Visual Comfort Strategy ............................................. 1-8 Thermal Comfort Strategy...................................................................1-11 Special Indoor Environment Requirements ....................................... 1-12 Indoor Air Quality Strategy................................................................. 1-14 Specific Building Type Issues ............................................................ 1-15 Commissioning .................................................................................. 1-21 2. Natural Ventilation Overview.............................................................................................. 2-1 Cross Ventilation.................................................................................. 2-7 Stack Ventilation ................................................................................ 2-14 Ceiling Fans....................................................................................... 2-18 3. Daylighting Overview.............................................................................................. 3-1 General Principles for Daylighting Design ........................................... 3-4 View Windows ................................................................................... 3-19 High Sidelighting — Clerestory.......................................................... 3-26 High Sidelighting — Clerestory with Lightshelves or Louvers ........... 3-33 Wall-wash Toplighting........................................................................ 3-41 Central Toplighting............................................................................. 3-46 Patterned Toplighting......................................................................... 3-50 Linear Toplighting............................................................................... 3-57 Tubular Skylights ............................................................................... 3-61 4. Electric Lighting and Controls Overview.............................................................................................. 4-1 General Lighting Guidelines ................................................................ 4-2 Pendant-Mounted Lighting................................................................. 4-20 Recessed Lighting ............................................................................. 4-24 Surface-Mounted Lighting.................................................................. 4-27 Lighting Controls................................................................................ 4-30 Lighting Design Applications.............................................................. 4-36 5. Energy-Efficient Windows Energy-Efficient Windows Overview.................................................... 5-1 General Principles of Window Design ............................................... 5-10 Windows Without Exterior Shading ................................................... 5-26 Exterior Overhangs and Side Fins..................................................... 5-29 Windows Performance Data .............................................................. 5-49 iv HAWAII COMMERCIAL BUILDING GUIDELINES FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY TABLE OF CONTENTS 6. Cool Roof Systems Overview.............................................................................................. 6-1 Low-slope Roofs................................................................................ 6-12 Sloped Roofs ..................................................................................... 6-20 7. Dehumidification Overview.............................................................................................. 7-1 Conventional Cooling Systems with Reheat...................................... 7-10 Run-around Coil Systems.................................................................. 7-14 Heat Pipe Systems ............................................................................ 7-17 Dual-path Systems ............................................................................ 7-19 Desiccant Systems ............................................................................ 7-24 8. HVAC and Water Heating Sizing AC Systems .............................................................................. 8-1 Efficient Air Distribution System......................................................... 8-14 Efficient Chilled Water Distribution .................................................... 8-22 Single-zone DX AC System............................................................... 8-29 Heat Pump Water Heating and Heat Recovery ................................. 8-34 Energy Management System ............................................................ 8-38 Ultraviolet Light Germicidal Irradiation............................................... 8-43 Kitchen Exhaust Makeup................................................................... 8-48 Demand-controlled Ventilation........................................................... 8-54 9. Building Heating, Cooling and Power Systems Recommendation................................................................................. 9-1 Description........................................................................................... 9-1 Applicability.......................................................................................... 9-2 Regulatory Issues................................................................................ 9-3 Benefits................................................................................................ 9-4 Costs.................................................................................................... 9-5 Design Considerations ........................................................................ 9-5 Design and Analysis Tools................................................................. 9-10 Operation and Maintenance ...............................................................9-11 Case Studies ......................................................................................9-11 Products............................................................................................. 9-12 Resources ......................................................................................... 9-12 v HAWAII COMMERCIAL BUILDING GUIDELINES FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY TABLE OF CONTENTS This document is available from: www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/ert/cbg vi HAWAII COMMERCIAL BUILDING GUIDELINES FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY WHOLE BUILDING DESIGN 1. WHOLE BUILDING DESIGN Overview of Whole Building Design .................................................................1-1 Whole Building Design and Construction Process...........................................1-2 Solar Control Strategy ......................................................................................1-4