Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-65320-6 - A History of the Japanese Language Bjarke Frellesvig Index More information Index of main grammatical forms a(-) (anata, ano, are, asoko, ati, Ɨ, etc.) -(a)sime- causative 61, 63, 112, 121, 236–7, demonstrative 246–7, 353 371 a, are 1st person pronoun 136, 138 -(a)u volitional 330–2, 334, 349 -(a)ba conditional 54, 57, 65, 70, 72, 77, -(a)NJ-, -(a)u- conjectural 240, 330, 333–4 121, 227, 292–3, 327 -(a)NJze-, -(a)uzuru intentional 241, 329–30, -(a)baya optative 227, 240, 242, 326 332, 341 -(a)de negative gerund 69–71, 270, 236 -(a)ye- passive 61, 63, 112, 121, 236, 273 -(a)hen negative 402 -(a)zar- negative 40, 236, 336–7 -(a)ide negative gerund 336 -(a)zi negative conjectural 55–6, 93, 112, -(a)m-, -(a)NJ-, -(a)u- conjectural 55, 62, 121, 242, 326 64–6, 70, 72, 77–8, 82, 121, 236, 240–2, -(a)zu negative 40, 61, 64, 69–71, 93, 112, 330–2, 334, 341 121, 236, 330 -(a)maposi, -(a)maosi- optative 236, 241–2, -(a)zunba negative conditional 336–7 338 -(a)masi subjunctive 64–5, 70, 78, 236, 330 bakari 132, 134 -(a)mau- negative optative 236, 241–2 be- (bei, bekasi-, bera-, besii-) necessitive -(a)n- negative 69–71, 112–13, 121, 330, 123, 234, 242, 339, 397 336 -bwi- derivative 52, 99 -(a)na- negative 398, 401 byoo necessitive 339, 350 -(a)na optative 56, 110, 112, 121, 227 -(a)namu optative 56, 227, 242, 326 da copula 235, 341–4, 394–5 -(a)nandar-, -(a)nanda, -(a)nande negative da genitive 131 past tense 336–7 dare ‘who’ 354 -(a)nap-, -(a)nana, -(a)nani EOJ negatives daroo conjectural copula 394–5 154, 401 datta past copula 395 anata ‘you’ 247 dattaroo past conjectural copula 395 -(a)ne optative 56, 108–9 de copula gerund 233, 243, 328, 372 -(a)ni negative 69–71 de ar- copula 235, 341, 343, 400 *ani negative 120–2 dea copula 342, 400 -(a)nze-, -(a)NJze- intentional 241, 329–30, des- (desu, deshita, deshǀ etc.) polite copula 332, 334, 341 334–5, 372, 395 -(a)p- activity verb derivative 52 dewa na- negative copula 343, 395 -ap- reciprocal 52, 79 do- (doko, donata, dono, dore, doti, dǀ etc.) ar-, grammatical uses 40, 48, 68–9, 70, 79, interrogative 246–7, 353–4 90, 95, 102–5, 152, 233–5, 238–9, 327, dya copula 341–2, 344, 395, 400 339–40, 343–4, 350–2, 353, 395, 400, dyar- copula 341 401–2 -(a)r- detransitivizer 52, 238 e allative 243 -(a)re- passive 63, 112, 121, 236 -e- potential auxiliary verb 52, 79, 338 arinsu ‘exist’ (polite) 279 -e- transitivity switch 52, 119 -(a)s- respect 61, 110, 112, 121, 236, 371 -(e)ba provisional 57, 82, 112–13, 292–3, -(a)s- transitivizer 52 327, 333 425 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-65320-6 - A History of the Japanese Language Bjarke Frellesvig Index More information 426 Index of main grammatical forms -(e)do(mo) concessive 57, 112, 133 -(i)tar- stative 104, 236, 239 -er- stative 236, 239, 330 -(I)tara conditional 327, 333 -(I)tari representative 330–1 ga complementizer 128, 356, 367, 368 -(I)taroo, -(I)tarɬɬ past conjectural 332–5 ga genitive 126–31, 138, 243–4, 354, 366–8 -(i)te gerund 57, 69, 111, 123, 230 ga nominative 126–31, 354, 366–8 -(i)te- perfective 61, 64, 66–8, 111, 230, 236, gana desiderative 241–2 240, 330 gane conjunctional particle 133 -(i)te ar- periphrastic stative 69, 103, 238–9 gani conjunctional particle 133 -(i)tutu continuative 57, 69, 111, 327 -gar- 242 gati ‘-prone, be likely to’ 235, 242 ja na- negative copula 343, 394 -ge 235, 242, 339 go- honorifi c 370 ka interrogative focus particle 55, 247–252 gozar- ‘exist’ (polite) 340, 373 ka(-) (kano, kare, kasiko) demonstrative 139, 246–7, 353 i- (ika(-), iku-, itu etc.) interrogative 136, ka, kaku, kakute, kau, kɬɬ, kǀ ‘like this’ 141, 140, 142–3, 246–7 246–7 i- ‘exist’, see wi-, i- ‘sit down’ kakur- ‘die’ (respect) 371 i adjectival copula 340–1, 344, 394 kamo fi nal particle 89, 108, 133, 241 -i imperative 326 kana exclamatory particle 241 i nominative 131–2 kar- adjectival copula 40, 90, 233–4, 339 -ide- auxiliary verb 52 kara ablative 132, 134 idoko ‘where’ 246–7 karoo, karɬɬ adjectival copula conjectural idu- (iduku, idure, iduti etc.) interrogative 334–5, 340–1, 394 136–7, 140–2 kasi emphatic 241–2 -(i)ge- evidential 338–9 katta adjectival copula past 340–1, 402 -(i)kem- past conjectural 48, 236, 241–2 kau ‘like this’ 353 -(i)ker- modal past 236, 242, 330–1 kere, kereba, keredo adjectival copula 82, -(i)ki- simple past 62, 64–5, 72–9, 96, 109, 233, 340–1 111–13, 122, 236, 241, 331 keredomo conjunction 341 -(i)kyeba simple past conditional 72 ki adjectival copula adnominal 82–3, 232 -(i)kyeku simple past nominal 62, 72 ko(-) (koko, konata, kono, kore, koti, kǀ etc.) -(i)kyem- simple past conjectural 65 demonstrative 136, 139–42, 245–7, 353–4 -(i)kyer- modal past 48, 62, 64–5, 72–9, 102, ko-, grammatical uses 52, 67, 108 111 -kose- auxiliary verb 96, 108–9, 135 -(i)kyeraku modal past nominal 62, 75 koso focus particle 55, 132, 247–51, 255, ima ‘now’ 142, 235 328, 358, 361 -(i)marase- polite 338, 373 kɬɬ ‘like this’ 353 imas- ‘be, come, go’ (respect) 371 ku adjectival copula infi nitive 70, 80–2, -(i)mas-, -(i)mase- polite 52, 338, 372–3 85–6, 90, 122, 133, 232–3, 339–41, 343–4, -(i)n- perfective 61, 64–7, 73, 97, 111, 123, 393–4, 397 236, 240, 330 kunba adjectival copula conditional 340, 341, -(i)sar- respect 369 393 -(i)seba simple past conditional 62, 72, 74, kyeba, kyedo adjectival copula 81–2, 122 122 kyeku adjectival copula nominal 81–2, 122 -(i)si- simple past 62, 64–5, 72–9, 96, 109, kyem- adjectival copula conjectural 122 111–13, 122, 236, 241, 331 kyenaku adjectival copula negative nominal -(i)sika, -(i)sikaba, -(i)sikado simple past 62, 122 64–5, 72–9, 96, 109, 111–13, 122, 236, kyere, kyereba, kyeredo adjectival copula 241, 331 81–2, 122 -(i)siku simple past nominal 62, 64–5, 72–9, 96, 109, 111–13, 122, 236, 241, 331 made allative 243 -(i)soo-, -(i)sɬɬ- evidential 338, 396 made(ni) 132–3 -(i)sɬɬrɬɬ polite 338, 372–3, 395 -mairase- humble 373 -(i)ta- desiderative 326, 338 -mas- respect 52 -(I)ta past tense 69, 239, 331–2, 347, 350 masizi- negative potential 93, 123–4 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-65320-6 - A History of the Japanese Language Bjarke Frellesvig Index More information Index of main grammatical forms 427 -matur- humble 52 pa topic 132, 223, 249–51, 292–3 mawir- ‘enter’ (humble) 338, 371 paber-, pabyer- humble, polite 372 mawos- ‘say, speak’ (humble) 52, 193, 371 por- ‘wish, want’ 88 -mawos- humble 52 ppoi evidential 396 mazi- negative necessitive 241–2, 335, 339 puser- ‘be lying down’ 352 -mek- derivative 242 pye, pe, we, e allative 126, 132, 135–6, mer- evidential 102, 232, 241–2, 339 243 mi adjectival copula infi nitive 86–9, 117, 232 ram- present conjectural 107, 123–4, 242, mi- honorifi c 370 334, 339 miyu fi nal particle 86, 133, 135, 241 -rare- passive 236–8, 337–8, 371 mo emphatic topic 132 rasi- evidential, derivative 395–6 moga(mo) fi nal particle 133 rasi- presumptive 123–4, 241–2 mogana optative 242 -re- potential 338 mono 93, 132–3, 268, 292–3 -ro imperative 133, 154 mono-kara (ni) conjunctional particle 133–4 ro interjectional particle 133 mono-wo conjunctional particle 133–4 rɬɬ conjectural 334–5, 341 mono-yuwe (ni) conjunctional particle 133, 134 sa adjectival copula exclamatory 81–2, 84–5, 117, 122, 232 na (~ no) adnominal copula 135, 338–9, 342, -sabwi- derivative 52, 99 395–6 -sai imperative 369 na genitive 126, 131, 242 -sase- causative 63, 236–8, 337 na prohibitive 56, 133, 326, 329 sate, sau ‘like that’ 141, 353 na, nare 2nd person pronoun 136–7, 245 -sauraw- polite 372 na- . -so prohibitive 56, 108, 120, 227, se-, grammatical uses 67, 108, 229, 287 326 shi conjunctional particle 395 nado 245, 359 si 3rd person pronoun 136, 138–9 namo, namu focus particle 55, 132, 247–52, si adjectival copula conclusive 81–4, 122, 254–5, 358–9 233 nape (ni) conjunctional particle 133 sika ‘like that’ 141, 246, 271 nar- copula 95–6, 104–5, 124, 233–5, 339, so(-) (soko, sonata, sono, sore, soti, sɬɬ, sǀ 341–3 etc.) demonstrative 136, 139–42, 245–7, nar- evidential 123–4, 242, 339 353–4 nara conditional 327 so, zo focus 55, 132, 247–51, 253–4, 354, nara(ba) copula provisional 395 358–61, 365 nasu, nosu semblative 122–3 soo-da ‘hearsay’ 338, 396 ni conjunctional particle 78, 133–4, 244 -sooroo, -sɬɬraw-, -sɬɬrɬɬ, -sɬɬ polite 372–3, ni copula infi nitive 94–5, 134–5, 233, 235, 393 243, 287, 339, 342–4, 395 sɬɬ ‘like that’ 320, 353 ni dative 126, 243 nite copula 93–4, 135, 233, 243, 328, 339, ta, tare ‘who’ 139, 246, 353–4 341, 343 -tamap- respect 52, 371 no copula 94–5, 126–8, 135, 233, 243, 342 tar- copula 40, 104–5, 233–5, 339, 341 no genitive 126–31, 137–8, 243–4, 366–8 -tatematur- humble 371 no nominalizer 127, 354, 364–5, 368, 126 tater- ‘be standing’ 351–2 nosu semblative 122–3 to comitative 126, 223 to complementizer 134 o accusative 126, 129–31, 132, 135, 223, 243 to conjunctional particle 53, 55, 78, 133, 243, o-, on-, oon-, opomi- honorifi c 370 244–5 odyar- ‘exist’ (polite) 350, 373 to copula infi nitive 93–4, 134–5, 233, 243, on-, oon- honorifi c 370 245, 342–3, 395 ono, onore refl exive pronoun 136, 142, 246 to(mo) conjunctional particle 53, 133 opomi- honorifi c 370 tokoro-no 274, 358 or- ‘exist’, see wor-, or- ‘be sitting; exist’ tote 245 oryar- ‘exist’ (polite) 350, 373 tu copula 80, 93–4, 135 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-65320-6 - A History of the Japanese Language Bjarke Frellesvig Index More information 428 Index of main grammatical