Twelve International Conference on Thermal Engineering: Theory and Applications February 23-26, 2019, Gandhinagar, India Groundwater hot-springs analysis of Bakreshwar and Tantaloi geothermal fields for its industrial application. Harsh Patel1 Parth Viramgama1 Dhairya Varanava1 Deep Maheshwari1 Manna Butani1 Manan Shah1 Anirbid Sircar1 1School of Petroleum Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar 382007, Gujarat, India Abstract The fluent that is accustomed in the industries mainly water plays an important function in terms of the effectiveness of a process, material’s selection and lifespan of the output. The study was initiated to judge the quality of groundwater hot springs located in Bakreshwar and Tantaloi geothermal fields based on physicochemical parameters. The groundwater samples were gathered from seven distinct fields, equipped with geothermal wells. The collected water samples were analysed for total hardness, the total amount of dissolved solids, pH factor, and quantitative study of carbonates, bicarbonates, sulphates, nitrates, sodium, magnesium, calcium, potassium and chloride contents. Durov plot, Stiffs plot and various other diagrams were also adopted for investigating the suitability of groundwater use in an industry. Moreover, the results were correlated and compared with water quality standards based on Langelier Saturation Index (LSI), Ryznar Stability Index (RSI) and Aggressive Index (AI). The values and result thus obtained proposed highly – to – aggressively corrosive in nature and with a significant amount of scale formation. The assessment of the groundwater from Tantaloi and Bakreshwar does not demonstrate a permissible industrial water category. Keywords: Groundwater analysis, Water quality, Hydrochemistry, Industrial application. Graphical Abstract manufacturing goods and products. India is the largest Nomenclature user of groundwater in the world with an estimated usage of 230 cubic kilometres of groundwater per year - over a TDS Total Dissolved Solids quarter of the global total. The geothermal occurrence COD Chemical Oxygen Demand gains importance as a source of non-conventional energy SS Suspended Solids for the utility of the local population. Furthermore, a significant growth in industries mainly focusing on water as the basic raw material piles up the water demand. The 1. Introduction production process is mainly affected by the quality of raw materials and the quality of water available for the Groundwater is cleaner than the surface water and fabrication in an industry [1]. Normally, the salt content, embarks its critical importance providing water for 1 sodium concentration, acidity, alkalinity and the hardness 3.1.1. Piper trilinear plotting: of water are the major parameters determining the water characteristics. Chasing up the need for non-conventional In the fields of hydrogeology and groundwater examination, piper plots (otherwise called trilinear charts) energy resources, it leads to an inventory of 340 hot are incredible devices for envisioning the overall wealth of springs in India. Prominent among these are located in common ions in water samples.[2] A piper plot has three Puga valley, Jammu & Kashmir State and Tatapani, segments: a ternary chart in the lower left representing Chhattisgarh. Apart from these, Bakreshwar in W. Bengal cations, a ternary graph in the lower right representing and Tantaloi hot springs in Jharkhand, are auspicious anions, and a diamond plot in the centre which is a matrix geothermal zones with their proximity close to urban transformation of the two ternary outlines. Each sample is agglomeration. standardized to 100, so the relative concentrations are on a percentage basis. Bakreshwar is a village in Birbhum district in the state of West Bengal. Location coordinates of the Bakreshwar 3.1.2. Stiff and Ion balance diagrams: village are 23.88°N, 87.37°E. Many of the hot springs are located in Bakreshwar and near the village area. The Ion Balance Diagram, as well as Stiff plot, gives the district also has a number of active industries. Silk and information about the concentration of cations and anions. cotton harvesting, lac harvesting, rice and oilseed milling Typically in stiff diagram, a polygonal shape is created are among the principal ones. from four parallel horizontal axes extending on either side of a vertical zero axis. Considering both these diagrams as Tantaloi, Dalahi and Bara Palasi are a group of hot springs shown in Fig. 1 for anions present in groundwater in Dumka district, Jharkhand. Dumka is coordinated - samples, the prevailing anions are Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) at 24.28°N 87.21°E. The natural manifestation of and Chloride (Cl-) ions. geothermal water at Bakreshwar show temperature of 35°C to 67°C on the surface, while the hot springs at Tantaloi, Dalahi and Bara Palasi record temperature of 30°C to 70°C at the surface. Thus, the main objective of this study is to evaluate the quality of groundwater hot springs with the help of available chemical data and to analyse its suitability for industrial uses. Water is being characterised on the bases of various plots. Piper Plot, Stiff Plot and Ion Balance study are prominent among them. Beside this, dendrogram and durov interpretation were carried out emphatically. Fig. 1. Ion Balance and Stiff (on the left and right hand side respectively) diagram for a water sample from Bara Palasi (A) 2. Methods and methodology 4. Statistical Analyses Samples were collected from the seven different locations from the study area. The standard sampling methods were 4.1. Bivariate Plot: used to analyse the parameters. The parameter such as temperature, electric conductivity (EC) and pH was The significant fluctuating relationship is being uncovered measured in the field immediately after sampling using a among various hydro geochemical parameters at the multi-parameter series meter. Standard APHA methods seven unique destinations using bivariate plots. Halites, were used to determine the concentration of Chloride, - anhydrites and gypsum are the main constituents of Sulphate, Fluoride, Calcium, Magnesium and HCO3 . Evaporites. From Fig. 2 it is clear that for the current study area dissolution of evaporatis consisting mainly of halites 3. Results and interpretation (i.e. NaCl) results in higher concentration of Na+ ions. 3.1. Water quality characterization (Hydrochemical facies): To understand the hydrochemical evolution and to categorise the usage of groundwater, the graphical representation of its paramount components i.e. crucial anions and cations plays a vital role. To evaluate the enrichment and variations of hydrochemical facies for the present study area, piper trilinear diagram, Durov plot, Stiff diagram and Ion Balance plots were employed. Fig. 2. Bivariate plot of Na+ normalized Mg2+ versus Na+ normalized Ca2+ to identify mineral’s weathering in groundwater hot springs of the study area 2 temperature is directly related to the reduction of salt solvency that further prompts scale formation on the 4.2. Multivariate Analyses: internal walls of equipment. The scale is less conductive so this abatement the heat flux transition through the walls Multivariate measurable methods have been broadly used of hardware prompting a lessening in productivity and to encourage the arrangement of ecological issues and overheating, at last, prompting gear failure. recommend proof for the comprehension of some characteristic and anthropogenic procedures [3]. 5.1. Impact of water quality for industrial application: Correlation analysis (CA), and Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) has been extensively utilised as impartial Potential water-related issues related to different industrial methods in the investigation of water quality data for procedures are given in Table 1 underneath. The water illustration significant data [4]. quality issues recorded in Table 1 can be related to constituents which add to them. Much of the time, water quality issues are not only related with the presence of a 5. Characterization of industrial water use variable, as well with the collaboration between factors, as it is observed in Table 2, similar to the case with corrosion In immediate or backhanded geothermal applications, and scaling. there is a slow decrease in temperature. This change in Table 1. Critical water-based problems related to different industrial processes [5] Process Equipment Damage Process Problems Product Damage Waste Disposal Cooling Water Corrosion Foaming pH Scaling Gas Production TDS Fouling Odours COD Blockages SS Steam Generation Corrosion Resin impairments Inadequate treatment pH Water Scaling Competition TDS Table 2. Constituents associated with water-based problems in industrial processes [5] Problem pH Fe Alk SO4 Cl SiO2 SS COD Corrosion Scaling Fouling Blockages 6. Water quality Indices 7. Conclusion Estimating of water quality indices achieves a single value This study was led to assess factors controlling by diminishing the huge amount of parameters and speak groundwater quality in a territory with industrial utilization to information essentially. This survey incorporates as main use. The current study in consideration with seven different water quality indices (WQI) utilized in the geothermal hot springs revealed its unsuitability for direct subsurface water quality evaluation. industrial purposes. Besides this, water quality indices also supports its indirect employment, which could be tackled by the pre-treatment processes such as desalination and ion-exchange process. Resour.