mi 'J •' o -JS. -j£ UNIVERSITY D'OTTAWA - ECOLE DES GRADUES HYMNS IN HONOR OF SAINT CLARE OF ASSISI AN EXHAUSTIVE ANALYSIS OF THEIR CONTENTS AND STRUCTURE by Sister Mary Immaculata Cashal, 0. S. F, Thesis presented to the Faculty of Arts of the University of Ottawa through the Department of Latin and Greek as partial fulfillment for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ..rt.tflA A»t!Or+rfQDf5 * £, L.BKAivtS » <»/^ <**<ity oi <*** Mohegan Lake, New York, U. S. A., 19&+ UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA - SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UMI Number: DC53754 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI® UMI Microform DC53754 Copyright 2011 by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA « ECOLE DES GRADUES ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Here I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Rev. Etienne Gareau, O.M.I., D.U.P., Chairman of the Department of Latin and Greek at the University of Ottawa, under whose supervision this thesis was prepared. My especial thanks is due to Joseph Szoverffy, Ph.D., of Yale University, formerly an Assistant Professor of Latin and Greek at the University of Ottawa, who has been my adviser in the writing of this thesis. I am indebted to many Franciscans; above all to Rev. Irenaeus Herscher, O.F.M., the Librarian of St. Bona- venture University, New York, and Rev. Gaudens Mohan, O.F.M. a Director of the Franciscan Institute of the same Univer­ sity, for access to Franciscan sources in research; also to Rev. S. J. P. Van Dijk, O.F.M., of the University of Oxford, for the use of his writings on Franciscan liturgy, and Rev. Warren Bergmann, O.F.M., Cap., of St. Anthonyfs Friary, Wisconsin, for the location of source material on the hymns; and likewise to the librarians of Ladycliff College and to the Abesses of the Monasteries of the Poor Clares in New York, Pennsylvania and New Mexico, who per­ mitted me to consult the historical files of their Order. I appreciate the courtesies offered me by a number of other librarians; in particular, by those on the staff of the library of the University of Ottawa, of the New York Public Library, and of the Union Theological Seminary of UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA - ECOLE PES GRADUES ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii New York. For their interest in this work, I am grateful to Rev. Herbert Musurillo, S.J., of Fordham University, and to Ruth E. Messenger of the Hymn Society of America. Finally, I express my thanks to my Religious Su­ periors and Sisters for their assistance and encouragement in the process and completion of this thesis. UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA - ECOLE DES GRADUES CURRICULUM STUDIORUM Margaret Cecilia Cashal, known in religion as Sister Mary Immaculata of the Missionary Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis, was born in New York, New York, on April 26, 1906. She received her B. A. degree from the University of Villanova, Villanova, Pennsylvania, in August, 1937, and her M. A. degree from the same University in August, 19^1. The title of her thesis for the M. A. degree was a translation of Monlta Sancti Auerustini. a series of Latin excerpts from the Works of St. Augustine as compiled and edited by Philip Pambianco, 0. S. A. UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA SCHOOL OF ORADLATE S^JDIES UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA -- ECOLE DES GRADUES TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter page INTRODUCTION vii I.-REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON HYMNS AND HYMNODY 1 1. Collections of hymns 1 2. Problems of hymnological research 4 3. Influences on medieval hymnody 26 II.-CLASSIFICATION OF THE HYMNS k2 1. Listing according to types, centuries and sources h2 2. Distribution for centuries, authors and territory ^3 3. Grouping by prevalence of legendary- biographical, or non-legendary- biographical motifs 60 III.-ANALYSIS OF THE LEGENDARY-BIOGRAPHICAL MOTIFS IN THE HYMNS 6k 1. Birth and childhood of Clare 6k 2. Clare the first spiritual daughter of Francis 68 3. Franciscan spirituality of Clare 78 k. Miracles and visions of Clare 89 5. Death and canonization of Clare 109 6. Legendary content of special hymns ll4 IV.-ANALYSIS OF THE NON-LEGENDARY-BIOGRAPHICAL MOTIFS IN THE HYMNS 130 1. Panegyrics in various forms 130 2. Biblical elements 159 3. References to eschatology 175 V.-SOURCES OF THE HYMNS, AFFINITIES AND OTHER PROBLEMS OF ORIGIN 18^ 1. Chief legends and their influence 18^ 2. Reflections of contemporary litera­ ture in biblical motifs 200 3. Common links between hymns 219 VI.-THE HYMNS AS TRADITIONAL, COMMUNITY AND INDIVIDUAL CREATIONS 23^ 1. Comparison of hymns before and after the sixteenth century 23^ 2. Adherence of hymns to types in earlier use 2kk 3. Expressions of relationship of the Franciscan family 251 UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA - SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA ~ ECOLE DES GRADUES TABLE OF CONTENTS vi Chapter page k. Hymns for private devotion 259 CONCLUSIONS 263 BIBLIOGRAPHY 268 Appendix 1. ABSTRACT OF Hymns in Honor of Saint Clare of Assisi 273 2. TEXTS OF THE HYMNS 275 UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA - SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA - ECOLE DES GRADUES LIST OF TABLES Table page I. - A Comparative List of Legendary- biographical Motifs in the Hymns .... 126 II. - A Comparative List of Panegyrical Motifs in the Hymns 180 III. - A Comparative List of Biblical and Eschatology Motifs in the Hymns .... 183 UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA - SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA - ECOLE DES GRADUES INTRODUCTION The Latin hymns in honor of Saint Clare of Assisi admit of classification on the basis of their subject matter. Accordingly, the legendary-biographical elements, the biblical elements, and the panegyrical elements which are found to be common in the hymns are effective techniques for the grouping of the hymns. Since the nineteenth century, with the revival of historical studies in connection with the original sources of medieval history, collections of hymns have appeared in edited form, but mainly for the service of the historian. Studies in the origins and the development of Catholic liturgy include references to the liturgical verse of the Church, as, for example, in the works of Dom Wilmart. There are studies of the hymns of individual writers, as those of the Henry Bradshaw Society for the hymns of St. Gregory the Great, and of Leon Gautier for the sequences of Adam of St. Victor. On a larger scale, sequences and hymns comprise Daniel's Thesaurus for the printed sources, and Mone's col­ lection, for the manuscript sources; Chevalier compiled his vast Repertorium of hymns, Julian has contributed a Dictionary of Hvmnology. and Britt, The Hymns of the Brevi­ ary and the Missal. For another phase, Wilhelm Meyer of Speyer has conducted research into the origin and principles of metrical verse. Raby's History of Christian Latin Poetry is an example of a work that follows the historical outline UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA SCHCC L OF C R ADL ATE STL DiE5 UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA - ECOLE DES GRADUES INTRODUCTION ix for hymno&y. However, above all others, the largest and most systematic collection of Latin medieval hymns is that of Dreves and Blume, comprised in the fifty-five volumes of the Analecta Hvmnica. with its last addition in 1922. Although this monumental work is divided into main sections, with remarks on certain hymns and on their possible associa­ tions with others, the general arrangement of the hymns ac­ cording to chronological order does not provide a methodical and scientific approach to the hymns which is needed for any extensive analysis of the hymns. The pioneer attempts towards the classification of medieval hymns by a study of their internal subject matter has been made only recently, within the last ten years, by the renowned writer and authority on medieval hymnody, Dr. Joseph Szoverffy. The results have been published in the form of a thesis concerning the hymns of St. Christopher, 2 and in a series of monographs for the hymns of St. Peter and other saints. No extensive study of the Latin hymns of St. Clare of Assisi has been made to date within the knowledge of the writer. In a publication of collected studies and 1Joseph Szoverffy, "Zur Analyse der Christophprus- HymnenM, in Zeitschrift fftr deutsche Philogie. Vol. 7^, 1955, P. 1-35. 2 , "The Legends of St. Peter in Medieval Latin Hymns", in Traditio. Vol. 10, 195^, P» 275-322. - - UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA - SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA -- ECOLE DES GRADUES INTRODUCTION x chronicles in commemoration of the seventh centenary of the Saint's death, in 1953, the Franciscan, Father Stephen Van Dijk, an authority on early Franciscan liturgy, draws a comparison between the breviary hymns of St. Clare and the breviary hymns of St. Francis as found in the early Offices 2 of the two saints, respectively. In the same brochure, another Franciscan, Padre Fausta Casolini, includes quota­ tions from the best known hymns of St. Clare in a discus­ sion of the literature written in honor of the saint. However, these two worthy contributions in the study of the hymns of St.