Entangled Histories of the Balkans Balkan Studies Library Editor-in-Chief Zoran Milutinović, University College London Editorial Board Gordon N. Bardos, Columbia University Alex Drace-Francis, University of Amsterdam Jasna Dragović-Soso, Goldsmiths, University of London Christian Voss, Humboldt University, Berlin Advisory Board Marie-Janine Calic, University of Munich Lenard J. Cohen, Simon Fraser University Radmila Gorup, Columbia University Robert M. Hayden, University of Pittsburgh Robert Hodel, Hamburg University Anna Krasteva, New Bulgarian University Galin Tihanov, Queen Mary, University of London Maria Todorova, University of Illinois Andrew Wachtel, Northwestern University VOLUME 9 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bsl Entangled Histories of the Balkans Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies Edited by Roumen Daskalov and Tchavdar Marinov LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 Cover Illustration: Top left: Krste Misirkov (1874–1926), philologist and publicist, founder of Macedo- nian national ideology and the Macedonian standard language. Photographer unknown. Top right: Rigas Feraios (1757–1798), Greek political thinker and revolutionary, ideologist of the Greek Enlightenment. Portrait by Andreas Kriezis (1816–1880), Benaki Museum, Athens. Bottom left: Vuk Karadžić (1787–1864), philologist, ethnographer and linguist, reformer of the Serbian language and founder of Serbo-Croatian. 1865, lithography by Josef Kriehuber. Bottom right: Şemseddin Sami Frashëri (1850–1904), Albanian writer and scholar, ideologist of Albanian and of modern Turkish nationalism, with his wife Emine. Photo around 1900, photo- grapher unknown. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Entangled histories of the Balkans / edited by Roumen Daskalov and Tchavdar Marinov. pages cm — (Balkan studies library ; Volume 9) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-25075-8 (v. 1 : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-25076-5 (v. 1 : e-book) 1. Balkan Peninsula—History. I. Daskalov, Rumen, editor. II. Marinov, Tchavdar, editor. DR36.E67 2013 949.6—dc23 2013015320 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 1877-6272 ISBN 978-90-04-25075-8 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-25076-5 (e-book) Copyright 2013 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS Note on Transliteration ................................................................................. vii Notes on Contributors ................................................................................... ix List of Maps ...................................................................................................... xi Preface ................................................................................................................ xiii Roumen Daskalov SECTION ONE NATIONS AND NATIONAL IDEOLOGIES IN THE BALKANS Introduction to Section One: Nations and National Ideologies in the Balkans ................................................................................................... 3 Tchavdar Marinov Pre-National Identities in the Balkans ..................................................... 13 Raymond Detrez From Imperial Entanglements to National Disentanglement: The “Greek Question” in Moldavia and Wallachia, 1611–1863 ...... 67 Constantin Iordachi Bulgarian-Greek Dis/Entanglements ........................................................ 149 Roumen Daskalov Formulating and Reformulating Ottomanism ....................................... 241 Alexander Vezenkov Famous Macedonia, the Land of Alexander: Macedonian Identity at the Crossroads of Greek, Bulgarian and Serbian Nationalism ..... 273 Tchavdar Marinov vi contents SECTION TWO LANGUAGES AND LANGUAGE POLICIES IN THE BALKANS Introduction to Section Two: Languages and Language Policies in the Balkans ................................................................................................... 333 Alexander Vezenkov Language and Identity: The Fate of Serbo-Croatian ............................ 341 Ronelle Alexander In Defense of the Native Tongue: The Standardization of the Macedonian Language and the Bulgarian-Macedonian Linguistic Controversies .......................................................................... 419 Tchavdar Marinov The Albanian Language Question: Contexts and Priorities ............... 489 Alexander Vezenkov Index ................................................................................................................... 523 NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION In this collective volume, we use several different systems to transliterate Cyrillic scripts. For Macedonian and Serbian, we follow the commonly accepted Latin transliteration of these languages, which involves the usage of special characters with diacritics (such as č, š and ž for the Cyrillic letters ч, ш and ж respectively). In Serbian, which is officially written both in Cyrillic and in Latin, the principles of transliteration are very strict. In Macedonian, there is room for some hesitation, for instance about the letters ќ and ѓ. We adopted for them the digraphs kj and gj, instead of ć and đ, which are often used but reflect Serbian rather than Macedonian pronunciation. However, the system with diacritics is not typical of the Latinization of Bulgarian and Russian scripts. For them we use English-derived digraphs (ch for ч, sh for ш, zh for ж and ts for ц). The y stands for the й in Bulgarian and in Russian, but also for the ы in Russian Cyrillic: a small inconvenience triggered by our preference for a more practical “English” transliteration. Accordingly, the ю and я are transliterated as yu and ya. The Russian soft sign (ь) is denoted with an apostrophe (’). This system seems to be the most popular one for these languages and, at least in Bulgaria, it is cur- rently favored by law. However, as the same system does not distinguish between the vowel a and the schwa (ə), we use the character ă for the latter (namely, for what is ъ in the Bulgarian Cyrillic). The principles of Latin transliteration of the Greek script are also far from obvious. We abandoned both the classicist transliteration in an Ancient Greek manner (for instance, η Latinized as e) and the hypertro- phic imitation of the modern Greek phonetics (with, for instance, the digraph dh for δ). We tried to follow a middle road. For instance, η is transliterated as i, but the ancient diphthongs αι, ει and οι are denoted by ai, ei and oi. Although this does not reflect the modern pronunciation, it makes possible some visual recognition of the Greek form, which would otherwise be difficult with the introduction of e, i and i respectively. Of course, we have retained the spelling of well-known geographical names (such as Sofia instead of “Sofiya”). NOTE ON CONTRIBUTORS Alexander Vezenkov is a freelance scholar based in Sofia. His research interests include nineteenth- and twentieth-century urban history and the institutional history of the communist regimes, as well as various aspects of the Tanzimat period in the Ottoman Empire. He is the author of the book The Power Structures of the Bulgarian Communist Party, 1944–1989 (Sofia: Ciela, 2008) [in Bulgarian]. Constantin Iordachi is associate professor of history at Central Euro- pean University, Budapest; co-director of Pasts, Center for Historical Stud- ies; and associate editor of the journal East Central Europe (Leiden: Brill). His publications include Charisma, Politics and Violence: The Legion of the “Archangel Michael” in Inter-war Romania (Trondheim: 2004) and Citi- zenship, Nation and State-Building: The Integration of Northern Dobrogea into Romania, 1878–1913 (Pittsburgh: 2002). He is the editor of Reacquiring Romanian Citizenship: Historical, Comparative and Applied Perspectives (Bucharest: Curtea Veche, 2012) [in Romanian and English] and Com- parative Fascist Studies: New Perspectives (London: Routledge, 2009, 2010). He is co-editor of Transforming People, Property and Power: The Process of Land Collectivization in Romania, 1949–1962 (Budapest and New York: CEU Press, 2009; Romanian edition, Iași: Polirom, 2004) and Romania and Transnistria: the Problem of Holocaust. Historical and Comparative Perspec- tives (Bucharest: Curtea Veche, 2004) [in Romanian]. Raymond Detrez is professor of East European history and cultural stud- ies at Ghent University, Belgium. Currently his research focuses on pre- national collective identities and early nationalism in the Balkans. He is the author of several articles and books dealing with nation-building and ethnic conflicts in Southeast Europe and of Historical Dictionary of Bul- garia (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press,