DOI: 10.15774/PPKE.JAK.2017.003 The present Doctoral Dissertation is being published, as a monograph in the United States. With respect to the right of first publication, taking into account the publisher’s copyright interests and policy, the Doctoral School electronically made unreadable every other page of the thesis work, starting from the second page of the core volume. Along with this, the Doctoral Dissertation is entirety accessible at the Libraries of the Doctoral School and the Faculty of Law and Political Sciences of Pázmány Péter Catholic University. DOI: 10.15774/PPKE.JAK.2017.003 THE SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES OF DIPLOMATIC AGENTS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: THEORY AND PRACTICE Natália DVORNYICSENKÓ Doctoral Dissertation Supervisor: Prof. Péter KOVÁCS, DSc. Pázmány Péter Catholic University Faculty of Law and Political Sciences Doctoral School of Law and Political Sciences Budapest 2017 1 DOI: 10.15774/PPKE.JAK.2017.003 Dedication to my beloved parents with profound gratitude. 2 DOI: 10.15774/PPKE.JAK.2017.003 Acknowledgements The present dissertation is a result of my enduring interest in diplomacy – including its history, advancement and legal specifics. This interest has grown out of my professional experience in the field of diplomacy and international relations. No research achievement is independent from the research environment, mentors and advisers, of course. First of all, I wish to thank my supervisor Professor Péter Kovács for the invaluable counsel and for sharing his expertise, also support all the way, who has been guiding me for the second time already, after my Master thesis on the topic of contemporary diplomacy. My sincere gratitude also goes to Professor Vanda Lamm, whose help, suggestions and encouragement I really appreciate. I am very grateful to the Doctoral School of Law and Political Sciences for the gained knowledge, support in research and professional administration. Furthermore, I am thankful for the assistance of library staff and experts of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Hungary, the Library of the Hungarian National Assembly, the Bodleian Law Library at the University of Oxford, the Libraries of the London Metropolitan University and the Harvard Law School Library, who helped make my research on diplomacy more effective. Above all, I would like to thank my parents for their endless support throughout this project. My father, Professor Vadim Viktorovich Dvornichenko, is a constant source of inspiration and motivation, due to his scientific path and academic results. 3 DOI: 10.15774/PPKE.JAK.2017.003 Disclaimer Diplomatic relations are official relations, carried out between the states through qualified state agents – permanent representatives or so called career diplomats, who perform the greater part of diplomatic activity, serving as a medium for the conduct of international relations. State agents may be heads of state, heads of government, ministers of foreign affairs, special representatives, representatives of international organizations and third parties. Seeing that the range of topics for a dissertation on privileges and immunities of diplomatic agents may be extremely diverse, it is necessary to provide a precise scope of the research work. For that reason, in the present thesis diplomacy law is taken in narrow sense, applied to career or professional diplomats – public servants with a continuous professional connection to the state’s ministry of foreign affairs, members of permanent diplomatic missions, within the meaning of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, done at Vienna on 18 April, 1961. In view of that, the sources of international and diplomacy law considered in the present work are those, related exclusively to career diplomats. Correspondingly, „diplomatic privileges and immunities”, examined at this juncture are those, attributed to career diplomats only and they are used, with respect to the present dissertation, specifically in this interpretation. Diplomatic privileges of other state officials are, accordingly, beyond the scope of this study. 4 DOI: 10.15774/PPKE.JAK.2017.003 Table of contents Dedication .................................................................................................................................. 2 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... 3 Disclaimer .................................................................................................................................. 4 Table of contents ........................................................................................................................ 5 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 8 I. Background of the study ....................................................................................................... 12 I. 1. Statement of the problem .............................................................................................. 12 I. 2. Relevance and aims of the research .............................................................................. 16 I. 3. Summary of the thesis ................................................................................................... 18 I. 4. Methodology and sources ............................................................................................. 18 II. Sources and subjects of diplomacy law, with regard to diplomatic privileges and immunities ................................................................................................................................ 23 II. 1. Formal sources of diplomacy law, originating from international law ....................... 23 II. 1. 1. International custom ............................................................................................... 25 II. 1. 2. International conventions ........................................................................................ 30 II. 2. Supplementary sources of diplomacy law, originating from judicial decisions and national legislation ............................................................................................................... 37 II. 2. 1. Judicial decisions at international level .................................................................. 37 II. 2. 2. National legislation ................................................................................................. 41 II. 2. 3. Judicial decisions at national level .......................................................................... 47 III. Theoretical basis of the institution of diplomatic privileges and immunities .................... 52 III. 1. The origin of the métier of the diplomat and the institution of diplomatic privileges and immunities ..................................................................................................................... 52 III. 1. 1. The basic concepts and terms of diplomacy, with regard to diplomatic privileges and immunities .................................................................................................................... 52 III. 1. 2. The evolution of the institution of diplomatic privileges and immunities from ancient times until the eighteenth century ........................................................................... 57 III. 1. 3. The advancement of the institution of diplomatic privileges and immunities from the nineteenth century until the contemporary period ......................................................... 77 III. 2. The conceptional clarification of the notion of diplomatic privileges and immunities .............................................................................................................................................. 88 III. 3. The commencement and the termination of diplomatic privileges and immunities 112 5 DOI: 10.15774/PPKE.JAK.2017.003 III. 3. 1. The theoretical and practical aspects of the commencement of diplomatic privileges and immunities .................................................................................................. 112 III. 3. 2. The theoretical and practical aspects of the termination of diplomatic privileges and immunities .................................................................................................................. 119 III. 3. 3. Diplomatic relations with authorities in exile ..................................................... 125 III. 4. The factors of reciprocity and non-discrimination, with regard to diplomatic privileges and immunities .................................................................................................. 126 III. 4. 1. The conceptual clarification of the notion of reciprocity .................................... 126 III. 4. 2. The practical examples of application of the principle of reciprocity ................. 131 III. 4. 3. Secondary, honorary and ceremonial privileges, provided to diplomatic agents, on the basis of reciprocity ....................................................................................................... 142 III. 5. Responses and countermeasures of states, with regard to diplomatic privileges and immunities .......................................................................................................................... 145 IV. Personal inviolability of the diplomatic agent: categories of diplomatic immunity ........ 159 IV. 1. Immunity from