National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Program Center Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park Geologic Resources Inventory Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2011/384 ON THE COVER Kaloko Fishpond is a loko kuapa (rockwall fishpond) constructed by interlocking large and small rocks across a natural embayment along the Kona coast. This ingenious technology allowed the ancient Hawaiians to raise and harvest large amounts of fish to feed the population that existed in the area. THIS PAGE A heiau (temple) in the foreground overlooks the ‘Ai‘ōpio fishtrap at Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park. The flank of Hualālai volcano—source of the volcanic deposits within the park—looms over the horizon. National Park Service photographs courtesy Jon Jokiel (Kaloko- Honokōhau National Historical Park). Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park Geologic Resources Inventory Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2011/384 National Park Service Geologic Resources Division PO Box 25287 Denver, CO 80225 April 2011 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Program Center Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Program Center publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate high-priority, current natural resource management information with managerial application. The series targets a general, diverse audience, and may contain NPS policy considerations or address sensitive issues of management applicability. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. This report received informal peer review by subject-matter experts who were not directly involved in the collection, analysis, or reporting of the data. Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government. Printed copies of this report are produced in a limited quantity and they are only available as long as the supply lasts. This report is available from the Geologic Resources Inventory website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/inventory/ gre_publications.cfm) and the Natural Resource Publications Management website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/nrpm/). Please cite this publication as: Thornberry-Ehrlich, T. 2011. Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park: geologic resources inventory report. Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR— 2011/384. National Park Service, Ft. Collins, Colorado. NPS 466/107491, April 2011 ii NPS Geologic Resources Division Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................ iv Executive Summary ....................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... vi Credits ....................................................................................................................................................................... vi Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Purpose of the Geologic Resources Inventory ......................................................................................................... 1 Park Setting ............................................................................................................................................................... 1 Geologic Issues .............................................................................................................. 7 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................... 7 Fishpond Stability and Shoreline Change ................................................................................................................ 7 Groundwater Recharge and Discharge .................................................................................................................... 8 Anchialine Ponds ..................................................................................................................................................... 10 Coral Reef Changes ................................................................................................................................................. 10 Geologic Hazards .................................................................................................................................................... 12 Geologic Features and Processes ................................................................................ 23 Volcanic Features and Processes ............................................................................................................................. 23 Coastal Landforms ................................................................................................................................................... 23 Submarine Habitats ................................................................................................................................................. 24 Geology and Cultural Resources ............................................................................................................................. 24 Geologic History .......................................................................................................... 29 Pre-Quaternary History of the Pacific Basin (after Condie and Sloan 1998) ........................................................ 29 Evolution of the Hawaiian-Emperor Seamount Chain .......................................................................................... 29 Overview of Geologic Data ......................................................................................... 39 Geologic Maps ......................................................................................................................................................... 39 Source Maps ............................................................................................................................................................ 39 Geologic GIS Data ................................................................................................................................................... 39 Geology data layers in the Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park GIS data ............................................. 40 Overview Graphic of Digital Geologic Data........................................................................................................... 40 Map Unit Properties Table and Correlation Table ................................................................................................ 40 Use Constraints ........................................................................................................................................................ 40 Overview Graphic of Digital Geologic Data ............................................................... 41 Map Unit Properties Table .......................................................................................... 43 Map Unit Correlation Table ........................................................................................ 46 Glossary ........................................................................................................................ 47 Literature Cited ............................................................................................................ 51 Additional References ................................................................................................. 56 Attachment 1: Geologic Resources Inventory Products CD KAHO Geologic Resources Inventory Report iii List of Figures Figure 1. Shaded relief map of the Island of Hawai‘i. ................................................................................................ 3 Figure 2. Map of Kaloko-Honokōhau NHP and immediate surroundings ................................................................. 4 Figure 3. Map of Kaloko-Honokōhau NHP showing flows of three distinct ages ..................................................... 5 Figure 4. Aerial view of ‘Aimakapā fishpond within Kaloko-Honokōhau NHP ........................................................ 6 Figure 5. Diagrammatic model of precipitation-fueled submarine groundwater discharge ................................. 16 Figure 6. Schematic cross section of the groundwater flow system in Kaloko-Honokōhau NHP........................... 16 Figure 7. Bathymetry of the Hawaiian Islands .......................................................................................................... 17 Figure 8. Photograph of walls of an ancient Hawaiian