CANADIAN MILITARY JOURNAL Vol. 21, No. 2, Spring 2021 Vol. 21, No. 2, Spring 2021 CONTENTS 3 EDITOR’S CORNER 4 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR INTERNATIONAL ALLIANCES Cover 5 Canada, the Freeloader, Rather Than Vested Defence Partner in NORAD The distinguished signature and the Defence of North America member of the Canadian Society by Andrew Wood of Marine Artists Marc Magee’s stunning historical tribute to THE WORLD IN WHICH WE LIVE Canada’s first submarines, 14 Russia’s Private Military Contractors: Cause for Worry? pictured here off the south coast by Sergey Sukhankin and Alla Hurska of Vancouver Island. Captioned, “CC1 and CC2, the first Canadian TECHNOLOGY AND CAPABILITIES subs in 1914, when they were 26 The Lockheed CP-140M Aurora, Canada’s Current Long Range Patrol Fleet at Trial Island to finalize the by Bernie Thorne transfer from the Electric Boat Company in Seattle on the MILITARY ETHICS morning that war was declared.” 38 Making Moral Decisions Under Stress: A Revised Model for Defence Marc Magee/Canadian Society of Marine Artists by Deanna L. Messervey, Waylon H. Dean, Elizabeth A. Nelson, and Jennifer M. Peach MILITARY HISTORY AND TACTICS 48 Counterinsurgency and Hybrid Warfare in Vietnam by Ismaël Fournier VIEWS AND OPINIONS 59 Mentoring and Motivating Millennials and Post-Millennials at the Unit and Sub-Unit Levels by Timothy S. Stackhouse Canada, the Freeloader, 64 Book Reviews Rather Than Vested Defence Partner in NORAD and the Defence of North America Russia’s Private Military Contractors: Cause for Worry? Canadian Military Journal/Revue militaire canadienne is the official professional journal of the Canadian Armed Forces and the Department of National Defence. It is published quarterly under authority of the Minister of National Defence. Opinions expressed or implied in this publication are those of the author, and do not necessarily represent the views of the Department of National Defence, the Canadian Armed Forces, Canadian Military Journal, or any agency of the Government of Canada. Crown copyright is retained. Articles may be reproduced with permission of the Editor, on condition that appropriate credit is given to Canadian Military Journal. Each issue of the Journal is published simultaneously in print and electronic versions; the latter is available at www.Canada.ca/canadian-military-journal. ISSN 1492-465X Canadian Military Journal • Vol. 21, No. 2, Spring 2021 1 How to Contact Us CANADIAN Canadian Military Journal MILITARY PO Box 17000, Station Forces Kingston, Ontario JOURNAL CANADA, K7K 7B4 www.Canada.ca/canadian-military-journal E-mail: [email protected] Editor-in-Chief Translation David L. Bashow Translation Bureau, (613) 541-5010 ext. 6148 Public Services and Procurement Canada [email protected] Publication Manager Commentary Claire Chartrand Martin Shadwick (613) 541-5010 ext. 6837 [email protected] Editorial Advisor Michael Boire The Lockheed CP-140M TextAurora, Canada’s Current Long Range Patrol Fleet Oversight Committee Chairman Major-General D. Craig Aitchison, Commander, Canadian Defence Academy (CDA) Members Mr. David L. Bashow, Editor-in-Chief, Brigadier-General S. Bouchard, Commandant Canadian Military Journal (CMJ) Royal Military College of Canada (RMC) Colonel Marty Cournoyer, representing Major Chris Young, representing Chief of the Air Staff (CAS) Chief of Staff Army Strategy Dr. H.J. Kowal, Principal, Lieutenant-Colonel Brent Clute, Royal Military College of Canada (RMC) Director Canadian Forces Military Law Centre Making Moral Decisions (CFMLC), Canadian Defence Academy (CDA) Under Stress: A Revised Captain (N) J. Jeffrey Hutchinson, representing Text Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS) Ms. Hanya Soliman, representing Chief of the Model for Defence Defence Intelligence (CDI) Editorial Board Dr. Douglas Bland Professor Hamish Ion Major (ret’d) Michael Boire Philippe Lagassé Dr. Andrea Charron Lieutenant-Colonel (ret’d) David Last Lieutenant-Colonel (ret’d) Douglas Delaney Dr. Chris Madsen Chief Petty Officer 1st Class Mike Dionne Dr. Sean Maloney Dr. Rocky J. Dwyer Professor Brian McKercher Lieutenant-Colonel (ret’d) Michael Goodspeed Dr. Paul Mitchell Counterinsurgency Major-General (ret’d) Daniel Gosselin Dr. Nezih Mrad and Hybrid Warfare Major Tanya Grodzinski Dr. Scot Robertson Textin Vietnam Dr. David Hall Professor Stéphane Roussel Professor Michael Hennessy Professor Elinor Sloan Colonel (ret’d) Bernd Horn Colonel (ret’d) Randall Wakelam NOTE TO READERS As a bilingual journal, readers should take note that where citations are translated from their original language, the abbreviation [TOQ] at the end of the note, which stands for “translation of original quote”, indicates to the readers that the original citation can be found in the published version of the Journal in the other official language. 2 Canadian Military Journal • Vol. 21, No. 2, Spring 2021 EDITOR’S CORNER heartfelt welcome to the Spring 2021 edition of For a change of direction, a consortium of defence scientists the Canadian Military Journal, and this is now and personnel behavioural specialists, namely Deanna Messervey, the fourth consecutive edition of our flagship Waylon Dean, Elizabeth Nelson and Jennifer Peach, explore DND/CAF quarterly to be produced, primarily ethical decision-making by military members under stressful out of the home. Boy, time sure flies when one operational circumstances and conditions. To that end, they have Ais in a pandemic lockdown, but I have to admit, this is begin- tabled a revision to the established Defence Moral Decision- ning to get a tad tedious, or ‘a bit of a bother,’ as my British Making (DMDM) model, which incorporated recent findings friends would say… Nonetheless, there now seems to be ‘light on “… decision-making under stress, on the role of emotions at the end of the tunnel,’ with vaccines starting to be delivered and ‘heat of the moment’ thinking, and on the influence of situ- in significant numbers. However, the onus is still on all of us ational factors.” However, the authors were quick to qualify and to honour and practice the oft-repeated precautions, wearing clarify their stated purpose from the original DMDM, specifically, of masks, hand washing, and social distancing if we are going “… is not to prescribe ethical or moral behaviour – i.e., to show to triumph over this terrible blight. military personnel how to solve moral dilemmas – but to describe the moral decision-making process and the factors that can affect Well, as the saying goes, “Hope springs eternal,” and as it in order to develop training and education to counteract these I draft these words for the preface to the spring edition, it is ethical risk factors.” 20 January, and Joseph R. Biden has just been inaugurated as the 46th President of the United States. His acceptance speech was a In the last of our major articles, military intelligence analyst soothing balm of dedicated purpose, reason, selfless commitment, Ismaël Fournier, who specializes in strategy and tactics related to and a plea for unity, healing, and mutual respect throughout the insurgencies and counterinsurgencies, takes us back to the past land. We at the Journal wish our cherished American friends and with a stimulating and informative review of American (and Allied) neighbours the very best of luck in implementing these noble tactics, (both conventional and counterinsurgency), employed and refreshing goals. against the insurgent and conventional forces of the North dur- ing the Vietnam War. “This article goes against the classic views As tends to be the case, lots of variety this time out… Taking regarding the US military’s ‘poor performance’ in Vietnam, the point, Lieutenant-Colonel Andrew Wood, the Canada-US plans and suggests that US counterinsurgency initiatives were highly desk officer on the Strategic Joint Staff, suggests that in spite of effective in the area, and went so far as to cause an unequivocal Canada’s repeated commitment to the North American Aerospace defeat of the Communist insurgency. It will be further suggested Defence Command (NORAD), “…a lack of political willingness, that the execution of conventional military operations was in fact a diverted focus in favour of overseas operations, and a failure essential if US and South Vietnamese forces hoped to preserve to invest in the capabilities required to maintain NORAD as a the Republic of Vietnam.” credible defence, has resulted in the Command’s falling behind in its effectiveness to carry out its assigned missions.” Wood Only one opinion piece this time out, but it is a very timely then contends that a further Canadian political commitment to consideration of a highly relevant topic. Master Warrant Officer the US-Canada relationship, coupled with policy and capability Tim Stackhouse, the Company Sergeant Major for Medical investments, is required to modernise the Command, and “…is Company, 1 Field Ambulance, contends that in order to modern- urgently needed to restore the relevance of NORAD and render ize and embrace a new generation of the soldier, specific units it an effective deterrence.” and sub-units (as well as ‘top down’ guidance) must also lead the change with respect to mentoring and motivating millennials Next, Dr. Sergey Sukhankin, a Research Fellow at the and post-millennials. Jamestown Foundation, as well as being a security expert and a previous contributor to the CMJ, along with his colleague, Alla Our esteemed resident commentator, Martin Shadwick, is Hurska, an Associate Fellow with the International Centre for taking a brief medical furlough this time out, but he will be back Policy Studies (Kyiv), and an Analyst at the Jamestown Foundation in force for the summer issue. delve into the murky world of Russia’s private military contrac- tors (PMCs). In essence, they believe that “…Although they are Finally, we close with four book reviews on very different effective as a tool against weaker opponents, we argue that Russian subjects, which we recommend for consideration by our readers. PMCs should not be viewed as a strategic element in Russia’s military toolkit.