Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 91 (2020): e913234 Taxonomy and systematics The species of the genus Physoconops (Diptera: Conopidae) from Chile, with the description of a new species Las especies del género Physoconops (Diptera: Conopidae) de Chile, con la descripción de una especie nueva Rodrigo M. Barahona-Segovia a, b, *, Vicente Valdés-Guzmánb, Laura Pañinao-Monsálvez b, c a Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Los Lagos, Av. Fuschlöcher 1305, 5290000 Osorno, Chile b Citizen Science Program Moscas Florícolas de Chile, Pje. Arizona 4067a, 8420000 Santiago, Chile c Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Victoria 500, 4030000 Concepción, Chile *Corresponding author: [email protected] (R.M. Barahona-Segovia) Received: 4 October 2019; accepted: 26 February 2020 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:98BCC05E-4587-494C-B033-324CAB051B47 Abstract Thick-headed flies (Conopidae) are a family of Diptera with species that are endoparasitoids of bees and aculeate wasps. Physoconops is represented by 64 species in the Neotropical and Andean regions and distributed in many countries. Only 3 species have been described for Chile, specifically from the northern area. In this work, a new species from the Valdivian evergreen forest, Physoconops tentenvilu n. sp., is described and a new key for the Chilean species is provided. In addition, P. tentevilu represents the southernmost record of this genus in Chile. Morphological aspects are discussed, as well as hosts and distribution gaps for the Chilean Physoconops species. Keywords: Bee host; Hotspot; Mapuche myth; Megachile; Valdivian evergreen forest Resumen Las moscas de cabeza ancha (Conopidae) son una familia de Diptera cuyas especies son parasitoides de abejas y avispas. Physoconops se encuentra representado por 64 especies en las regiones Neotropical y Andina, distribuidas en varios países. Solo 3 especies han sido registradas para Chile, especialmente para la zona norte del país. En este trabajo, se describe una especie nueva del bosque valdiviano siempreverde, Physoconops tentenvilu n. sp., y se presenta una nueva clave taxonómica para los representantes chilenos de este género. Además, P. tentenvilu representa el registro más austral conocido para este género en Chile. Se discuten aspectos morfológicos, así como los huéspedes y vacíos distribucionales para las especies chilenas de Physoconops. Palabras clave: Huésped abeja; Punto caliente; Mito mapuche; Megachile; Bosque valdiviano siempreverde ISSN versión electrónica: 2007-8706; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Biología. Open Access bajo la licencia CC BY-NC-ND (4.0) https://doi.org/10.22201/ib.20078706e.2020.91.3234 R.M. Barahona-Segovia et al. / Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 91 (2020): e913234 2 https://doi.org/10.22201/ib.20078706e.2020.91.3234 Introduction 1888; Stuardo, 1946; Stuke, 2017). The natural history or biology has never been described and represents one of Thick-headed flies (Diptera: Conopidae) are composed the most poorly studied families of Diptera in Chile. This for 863 species worldwide (Stuke, 2017). This family is work is aimed to describe a new species of Physonocops known due to their endoparasitoid behavior mainly on from the Valdivian evergreen forest in southern Chile. aculeate Hymenoptera, although the genus Stylogaster In addition, we provide a checklist, new records, and a Macquart can also parasitize cockroaches and crickets pictorial key for identification of all Physoconops species (Freeman, 1966; Gibson & Skevington, 2013; Lopes, recorded for Chile. 1937; Marshall, 2012; Skevington et al., 2010; Stuke, 2017; Woodley & Judd, 1998). The female has a terminalia Materials and methods adapted for engaging bees or wasps and clasping the abdominal tergites of the host for oviposition (Smith, 1966). A review of the Physoconops was based on material In order to do this, surveillance sites to detect possible deposited in collections from the following institutions: hosts are used by females to assault bees or wasp with their Instituto de Entomología, Universidad Metropolitana in-flight attack system (Freeman, 1966; Marshall, 2012; de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile (UMCE); Stuke, 2017). Other activities as pollination or hill toping Ernesto Krahmer collection, Universidad Austral de Chile, behavior have been less studied in this family (Kendall & Valdivia, Chile (UACH); Zoology Museum, Universidad Solomon, 1973; Marshall, 2012; Skevington et al., 2010). de Concepción, Concepción, Chile (MZUC); and From all biogeographical regions, the Neotropical and Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile (UTA). In addition, Andean have more species described to date (221 species; electronical records from the “Moscas Florícolas de Chile” Stuke, 2017). Almost all subfamilies are represented, Citizen Science Project (CSP) were obtained and deposited except for Notoconopinae and Palaeomyopinae (Stuke, in a figshare repository database. From UACH, a couple 2017). The most diverse subfamilies are Zodioninae, of thick-headed flies were assigned to the genus studied Stylogastrinae and Conopinae with 39, 73 and 96 species, using the keys of Camras (1955), Kröber (1915), and Stuke respectively (Stuke, 2017). In this last subfamily, Conops and Skevington (2007). The description of the new species Linnaeus, Physocephala Schiner and Physoconops Szilady follows the terminology proposed by Cumming and Wood are the most diverse genera (Stuke, 2017). The latter is (2017). Measurements were taken with a 1-mm precision composed of 64 species distributed mainly in the Nearctic ruler in the objective of a Leica S6 D microscope. Total and Neotropics and only 2 species are described from the length was measured from the head to the end of terminal Oriental region (Skevington et al., 2010; Stuke, 2017). tergite and wing length was measured from the base to Physoconops presents high richness with 57 species the apex. Photographs were taken with a Nikon D7200 distributed from Mexico to northern Chile and central camera, equipped with AF-S DX Micro-NIKKOR 40mm Argentina (Gibson et al., 2014; Stuke, 2017). Species of f/2.8G and extension tubes. this genus have been studied in part by Kröber (1915, Contents of each label are enclosed within double 1927), describing many species under the genus Conops. quotation marks (“ ”) and individual lines of information Camras (1955, 1957) described new species and provided are separated by a single slash (/). Square brackets ([ ]) taxonomic notes for other species. In addition, Stuke and add information on specimen condition and repository Skevington (2007) provided a key for several species in collection. Original descriptions and images were used to Costa Rica, although many of them are present in other diagnose the new species and to build the identification Neotropical countries. The hosts for many species are key. Distribution maps of the Physoconops species were poorly recorded and restricted to Megachile Latreille created with ArcGIS v.10.4.1 (ESRI 2017). bee species (Stuke, 2017; Stuke & Cardoso, 2013). Other acronyms of collections used were: AMNHN - The southernmost record for South America belongs American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA; to Physoconops rufipennis (Macquart), which has been SEMC - University of Kansas, Snow Entomological reported for the Río Negro Province in Argentina (Gibson Museum, Lawrence, USA; UZMC - University of et al., 2014). Chile is poor in species compared to Argentina Copenhagen, Zoological Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark. (Gibson et al., 2014; Stuke, 2017) and these have been The abbreviations used in this catalogue are: A: adult; recorded mainly in northern Chile (Kröber, 1915, 1927; cat.: catalog; desc.: description; distribution: geographic Stuardo, 1946). Only 3 species have been previously distribution; F: female; Fig(s).: figure(s); HT: holotype; mentioned: P. costatus (Fabricius), P. gracilis (Williston) References: references; ST: syntype; syn.: synonyms; T: and P. magnus (Williston) (Kröber, 1915, 1927; Reed, type. R.M. Barahona-Segovia et al. / Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 91 (2020): e913234 3 https://doi.org/10.22201/ib.20078706e.2020.91.3234 Results References: Kröber, 1915:137 (desc. & key); Kröber, 1927:140 (key); Stuardo, 1946:130 (cat.); Stuke, 2017:112 Conopidae Latreille, 1802 (cat.); Williston, 1885:377-378 (desc.). Conopinae Latreille, 1802 Material examined and distribution. Arica and Physoconops Szilady, 1926 Parinacota: mouth of the Lluta River, April-04-1924, Leg. Physoconops (Aconops) costatus (Fabricius, 1805), Fig. 1 H. Vasquez C. (UTA); Arica (Kröber, 1915) (Fig. 5). Conops costata Fabricius 1805: 175. Remarks Taxonomic summary The natural history of this species is unknown. Possibly, Type locality: America meridionali (T A UZMC). Chile is the most southern limit of its distribution. Host(s) Global distribution: Nearctic (USA) and Neotropical unknown. (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Paraguay, Venezuela and Chile). Physoconops (Pachyconops) magnus (Willinston, 1892), References: Fabricius, 1805:175 (desc.); Kröber, Figs. 6-8 1915:141 (desc. & key); Reed, 1888:301 (cat.); Stuke, Conops magnus Williston, 1892:43. 2017:109 (cat.). Material examined and distribution. No specimens Taxonomic summary were reviewed. Type locality: Chapada do Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil (ST 6 F AMNHN). Remarks Global distribution: Neotropical (Brazil, Mexico and This species only appears mentioned in the catalogs Chile).