INTERNET OF THINGS: STATE OF TECHNOLOGICAL ART ANALYSIS, IN ORDER TO IDENTIFY CURRENT AND FUTURE TECHNOLOGIES AND PLATFORMS OF THE IOT SECTOR State of the technological art Analysis Data: 07/23/2019 The ERDF project 2023 Beacon Südtirol (CUP: B31H17000060001) was funded by the European Development FundRegional Autonomous Province of Bolzano, Investing for Growth and employment 2014-2020 ERDF. 1 Progetto: Beacon Südtirol - Alto Adige Codice: FESR-2023 CUP: B31H17000060001 NOI | Report Project partner Planned and carried out by Giovanni Giannotta, Gruppo FOS Gabriele Scarton, Gruppo FOS Giorgio Allasia, Gruppo FOS Federico Boero, Gruppo FOS Andrea Sansalone, Gruppo FOS Stefano Seppi, NOI S.p.a. Patrick Ohnewein, NOI S.p.a. Italian to English translation by Emma Victoria Rawlinson In collaboration with Riccardo Brozzi, Fraunhofer Italia David Forti, Fraunhofer Italia Dominik Matt, Fraunhofer Italia 2 Progetto: Beacon Südtirol - Alto Adige Codice: FESR-2023 CUP: B31H17000060001 NOI | Report Index 1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................4 2 The study.........................................................................................................................................6 3 A bit of history.................................................................................................................................7 4 Evolutionary trends of the IoT.........................................................................................................9 5 IoT Alliances and Consortia..........................................................................................................12 5.1 Alliances and IoT consortia comparison................................................................................15 6 IoT technologies/platforms............................................................................................................18 6.1 From small to large distances................................................................................................19 6.2 IoT Architecture.....................................................................................................................20 6.2.1 Architettura a 3 e 5 livelli...............................................................................................22 6.2.2 Security..........................................................................................................................22 6.2.3 Architectures based on Cloud, FOG and EDGE............................................................28 7 Examination Comparison of the technological specifications and protocol in IoT landscape......31 7.1 Network Access Layer...........................................................................................................31 7.2 Communication Models.........................................................................................................32 7.2.1 Analyzed technologies that define the Medium Access Control level (MAC)..............32 Ethernet 802.3...................................................................................................................32 WLAN – Wifi 802.11 a/b/g/n............................................................................................33 Ingenu/RPMA...................................................................................................................34 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)............................................................................35 Near Field Communication (NFC)....................................................................................36 Bluetooth IEEE 802.15.1 e successive versioni................................................................36 Bluetooth Low Energy......................................................................................................37 Z-Wave..............................................................................................................................37 M-Bus / WM-Bus..............................................................................................................40 Weightless W-N-P.............................................................................................................43 NB-IoT...............................................................................................................................44 LTE - Long Term Evolution..............................................................................................44 EC-GSM-IoT.....................................................................................................................45 LoRa — Long Range Protocol..........................................................................................46 Sigfox................................................................................................................................46 7.2.2 Analyzed technologies that are based on other standards..............................................47 Dash7.................................................................................................................................47 Zigbee, Zigbee Pro, Zigbee 3.0.........................................................................................48 DigiMesh®........................................................................................................................51 Thread / OpenThread.........................................................................................................53 Ant / Ant+..........................................................................................................................54 Wireless-HART..................................................................................................................57 7.2.3 Comparative Tables........................................................................................................57 7.3 Transport Layer......................................................................................................................64 7.3.1 IPV4...............................................................................................................................65 7.3.2 IPV6...............................................................................................................................65 IPV6..........................................................................................................................................65 7.3.3 6LoWPAN......................................................................................................................66 7.3.4 RPL................................................................................................................................66 7.4 Session/communication.........................................................................................................67 1 Progetto: Beacon Südtirol - Alto Adige Codice: FESR-2023 CUP: B31H17000060001 NOI | Report 7.4.1 HTTP..............................................................................................................................68 7.4.2 MQTT............................................................................................................................68 7.4.3 CoAP..............................................................................................................................72 7.4.4 AMQP............................................................................................................................72 7.4.5 NATS / NATS 2.0...........................................................................................................73 7.4.6 DDS................................................................................................................................74 7.4.7 XMPP.............................................................................................................................76 7.4.8 Comparative tables.........................................................................................................77 7.5 Data Aggregation / Processing Layer....................................................................................78 7.6 Data Storage Layer................................................................................................................80 7.7 Final tables.............................................................................................................................83 8 The security issue..........................................................................................................................88 8.1 IoT Communication Technologies.........................................................................................88 8.1.1 ZigBee............................................................................................................................88 8.1.2 Bluetooth........................................................................................................................89 8.1.3 WSN in generale............................................................................................................89 8.1.4 Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)................................................................................................89 8.1.5 LoRaWan........................................................................................................................90 8.1.6 Sigfox.............................................................................................................................95