International Journal of Geo-Information Article Article Article A CitizenA Citizen Science ScienceA Citizen Approach Approach Science for Collectingfor Approach Collecting Toponyms for Toponyms Collecting Toponyms Aji PutraAji Perdana Putra Perdana 1,2,* and 1,2, Frank* and O. Frank Ostermann O. Ostermann 1 1 Aji Putra Perdana 1,2,* ID and Frank O. Ostermann 1 ID 1 Faculty1 ofFaculty Geo-Information of Geo-Information Science, Science,University University of Twente, of Twente,7500 AE 7500 Enschede, AE Enschede, The Netherlands; The Netherlands; 1 [email protected]@utwente.nlFaculty of Geo-Information Science, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; 2 Geospatial2 Geospatial Information Information Agency Agency(BIG),[email protected] Jl. (BIG), Raya Jl.Jakarta Raya- BogorJakarta Km.-Bogor 46, Km.Cibinong, 46, Cibinong, Bogor 16911, Bogor Indonesia 16911, Indonesia; ; 2 [email protected]@big.go.id Geospatial Information Agency (BIG), Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong, Bogor 16911, Indonesia * Correspondin* Corresponding author:g [email protected];author:* [email protected];Correspondence: Tel.: [email protected] +31 Tel.:-610-27-6672 +31-610-27-6672 or [email protected]; Tel.: +31-610-27-6672 Received:Received: 30 March 30 2018 March; Accepted: 2018; Accepted: 13 June 201813 June; Published: 2018; Published: date date Received: 30 March 2018; Accepted: 13 June 2018; Published: 16 June 2018 Abstract:Abstract: The emerging The emerging trendsAbstract: andtrends technologies Theand emergingtechnologies of surveying trends of surveying and and technologies mapping and mapping potentially of surveying potentially enable and local mappingenable local potentially enable local experts expertsto contribute to contribute and share expertsand their share to local contributetheir geographical localand geographical share knowledge their knowledge local of geographical place of names place knowledge (toponyms).names (toponyms). of placeWe names We (toponyms). We can can see canthe increasingsee the increasing numberssee numbers of the toponyms increasing of toponyms in numbers digital in platforms,digital of toponyms platforms, such in as digital suchOpenStreetMap, as platforms, OpenStreetMap, such Facebook as OpenStreetMap, Facebook Facebook Place Place Editor,Place Editor,Swarm SwarmFoursquare, Foursquare,Editor, and Swarm Google and Foursquare, GoogleLocal Guide. Local and OnGuide. Googlethe otherOn the Local hand, other Guide. government hand, Ongovernment the agencies other agencies hand, government agencies keep workingkeep working to produce to produce concisekeep concise workingand complete and to producecomplete gazetteers. concise gazetteers. Crowdsourced and completeCrowdsourced geographic gazetteers. geographic information Crowdsourced information geographic information and citizenand sciencecitizen scienceapproaches approachesand offer citizen a newoffer science paradigma new approaches paradigm of toponym offer of toponym a collection. new paradigm collection. This ofpaper This toponym addresses paper collection. addresses This paper addresses issues inissues the advancingin the advancing toponymissues toponym practice. in the advancingpractice. First, we First, toponymsystematically we systematically practice. examine First, examined wethe systematically currentd the currentstate of examined state of the current state of toponymtoponym collection collection and handling andtoponym handling practice collection practice by multiple and by handlingmultiple stakeholders, stakeholders, practice and by we multiple and identified we stakeholders, identified a recurring a recurring and we identified a recurring set of problems.set of problems. Secondly, Secondly, weset develop of we problems. developed a citizened Secondly, a sciencecitizen we scienceapproach developed approach, based a citizen,on based a crowdsourcing scienceon a crowdsourcing approach, level based level on a crowdsourcing of participationof participation, to collect, to toponyms.collectlevel toponyms. of participation, Thirdly, Thirdly, we examine to collectwe examined the toponyms. implementationd the implementation Thirdly, wein the examined context in the thecontextof an implementation of an in the context IndonesianIndonesian case study. case Thestudy.of results anThe Indonesian resultsshow thatshow case public that study. publicparticipation The resultsparticipation in show toponym thatin toponym public collection participation collection is an is in an toponym collection is approachapproach with the with potential the potentialan to approach solve to problemssolve with problems the in potential toponym in toponym to handling, solve problemshandling, such inas such toponymlimited as limitedhuman handling, human such as limited human resources,res ources,accessibility, accessibility, and resources,completeness and completeness accessibility, of toponym of andtoponym information. completeness information. The of lessons toponym The lessonslearnt information. include learnt include the The lessons the learnt include the knowledgeknowledge that the that success the knowledgesuccess of this ofapproach this that approach the depends success depends on of the this onwillingness approach the willingness depends of the governmentof on the the government willingness to to of the government to advanceadvance their workflow, their workflow, theadvance degree the degreeof their collaboration workflow, of collaboration between the degree between stakehold of collaboration stakeholders, anders the, between and presence the stakeholders,presence of a of a and the presence of communicativecommunicative approach approach in aintroducing communicative in introducing and sharing approach and sharing toponym in introducing toponym guidelines guidelines and with sharing the with community. toponym the community. guidelines with the community. Keywords:Keywords: citizen citizenscience; science; Keywords:volunteered volunteeredcitizen geographic science; geographic information volunteered information (VGI) geographic; toponym;(VGI) information; toponym; crowdsourced (VGI);crowdsourced toponym; crowdsourced data data collection;data collection; data quality data qualitycollection; data quality 1. Opportunities1. Opportunitie for Nesw fo Approacher 1.Ne Opportunitiesw Approaches to Collects for to CollectNewPlace Approaches Names Place Names to Collect Place Names Place namesPlace (knownnames (known as toponyms) asPlace toponyms) namesare an (knownindispensable are an indispensable as toponyms) component component are anof our indispensable communication of our communication component about of about our communication about geographicgeographic features features or regions, geographicor regions, both natural features both naturaland or regions, man and-made both man natural-made[1,2]. They and[1,2] man-made .serve They manyserve [1,2 ].purposes,many They servepurposes, many purposes, including includingincluding the obvious the obvious needthe for need obvious unambiguous for unambiguous need for identification unambiguous identification for identificationnavigation, for navigation, but for also navigation, but for also current for but current also for current territorial territorialterritorial claims and claims managing and claimsmana a society’sging and a managingsociety’s past (e.g. past a, to society’s (e.g.compare, to compare past the (e.g.,renaming the to renaming compare of streets theof or streets renaming even or entire even of streetsentire or even entire cities cities followingcities following a regime a regimechange)following change) [3–8]. aToponyms [3 regime–8]. Toponyms change) frequently [frequently3–8 have]. Toponyms deeper have deepermeanings, frequently meanings, often have involving often deeper involving meanings, often involving complicatedcomplicated semantics semantics relatedcomplicated relatedto language to language semantics and history and related history[9–11] to, but[9 language–11] many, but toponyms andmany history toponyms also [9 –describe11 also], but describe the many toponymsthe also describe featuresfeatures they name. they Some name. example Somethe features example toponyms they toponyms from name. Indonesia from Some Indonesia example are derived are toponyms derived from folklore fromfrom Indonesiafolklore tales (Mount tales are (Mount derived from folklore tales Tangkubanperahu,Tangkubanperahu, Banyuwangi), Banyuwangi),(Mount historical Tangkubanperahu, historical names (Jakartnames Banyuwangi),a (Jakart from Jayakartaa from Jayakarta historical), or names), names or ofnames persons (Jakarta of persons that from that Jayakarta), or names of have beenhave adjusted been adjusted to the localtopersons the language local that language have (Malioboro been (Malioboro adjusted from toGeneral thefrom local General Malborough, language Malborough, (Malioboro or Sampur or from Sampur from General from Malborough, or Sampur Zandvoort)Zandvoort) [12–14] .[12 Other–14] .(natural) Otherfrom Zandvoort) (natural) features features [can12– 14cross]. can Other multiple cross (natural) multiple linguistic features linguistic regions, can cross regions, for multiple example for example linguistic, the , t regions,he for example, the river “Danube”river “Danube” has severa hasriver l severalnames: “Danube” names:“Donau” has “Donau” several in Germany names:in Germa “Donau”andny Austria, and in GermanyAustria, “Dunaj” and“Du in Austria,naj” Slovakia, in “Dunaj”Slovakia, in Slovakia,