Climate Engineering Contents 0.1 Climate engineering .......................................... 1 0.1.1 Background .......................................... 1 0.1.2 Proposed strategies ...................................... 1 0.1.3 Justification .......................................... 3 0.1.4 Risks and criticisms ...................................... 4 0.1.5 Governance .......................................... 6 0.1.6 Implementation issues ..................................... 6 0.1.7 Evaluation of geoengineering ................................. 7 0.1.8 See also ............................................ 8 0.1.9 References .......................................... 8 0.1.10 Further reading ........................................ 12 0.1.11 External links ......................................... 12 0.2 Weather modification ......................................... 13 0.2.1 History ............................................ 13 0.2.2 Cloud seeding ......................................... 13 0.2.3 Storm prevention ....................................... 14 0.2.4 Hurricane modification .................................... 15 0.2.5 Weather modification and law ................................ 15 0.2.6 In religion and mythology .................................. 15 0.2.7 See also ............................................ 16 0.2.8 References .......................................... 16 0.3 Weather warfare ............................................ 17 0.3.1 See also ............................................ 17 0.3.2 References .......................................... 17 0.3.3 External links ......................................... 17 0.4 List of proposed geoengineering schemes ............................... 17 0.4.1 Solar radiation management, cloud modification ....................... 17 0.4.2 Ocean schemes ........................................ 18 0.4.3 Space projects ......................................... 18 0.4.4 Greenhouse gas remediation ................................. 18 0.4.5 Other schemes ........................................ 18 0.4.6 See also ............................................ 18 0.4.7 References .......................................... 19 i ii CONTENTS 0.5 Cloud seeding ............................................. 22 0.5.1 Methodology ......................................... 22 0.5.2 Effectiveness ......................................... 23 0.5.3 Impact on environment and health .............................. 23 0.5.4 History ............................................ 24 0.5.5 Uses worldwide ........................................ 25 0.5.6 Conspiracy theories ...................................... 27 0.5.7 See also ............................................ 27 0.5.8 References .......................................... 27 0.5.9 External links ......................................... 29 1 Environmental Modification Convention 30 1.1 Environmental Modification Convention ............................... 30 1.1.1 Parties ............................................. 30 1.1.2 History ............................................ 30 1.1.3 Environmental Modification Technique ............................ 30 1.1.4 Structure of ENMOD ..................................... 30 1.1.5 See also ............................................ 31 1.1.6 References .......................................... 31 1.1.7 External links ......................................... 31 1.2 United Nations Convention on Environmental Modification ...................... 31 1.2.1 History ............................................ 31 1.2.2 Environmental Modification Technique ............................ 31 1.2.3 See also ............................................ 31 1.2.4 References .......................................... 31 1.2.5 External links ......................................... 32 1.3 List of parties to the Environmental Modification Convention .................... 32 1.3.1 List of parties ......................................... 32 1.3.2 States that have signed but not ratified ............................ 32 1.3.3 References .......................................... 32 2 Existing Facilities 33 2.1 Arecibo Observatory ......................................... 33 2.1.1 General information ..................................... 33 2.1.2 Design and architecture ................................... 33 2.1.3 Research and discoveries ................................... 35 2.1.4 SETI / METI ......................................... 35 2.1.5 Other uses ........................................... 36 2.1.6 Funding concerns ....................................... 36 2.1.7 Ángel Ramos Foundation Visitor Center ........................... 37 2.1.8 List of directors ....................................... 38 2.1.9 In popular culture ...................................... 38 CONTENTS iii 2.1.10 See also ............................................ 38 2.1.11 References .......................................... 39 2.1.12 Further reading ........................................ 40 2.1.13 External links ......................................... 41 2.2 EISCAT ................................................ 41 2.2.1 History ............................................ 41 2.2.2 EISCAT facilities ....................................... 42 2.2.3 EISCAT 3D .......................................... 42 2.2.4 References .......................................... 42 2.2.5 External links ......................................... 43 2.3 High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program .......................... 43 2.3.1 History ............................................ 43 2.3.2 Project overview ....................................... 43 2.3.3 Research ........................................... 44 2.3.4 Instrumentation and operation ................................ 45 2.3.5 Site .............................................. 46 2.3.6 Related facilities ....................................... 46 2.3.7 Conspiracy theories ...................................... 46 2.3.8 See also ............................................ 47 2.3.9 References .......................................... 47 2.3.10 Further reading ........................................ 48 2.3.11 External links ......................................... 49 2.4 Ionospheric heater ........................................... 49 2.4.1 Current HF pump facilities .................................. 49 2.4.2 References .......................................... 49 2.5 Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility ................................... 50 2.5.1 Technical information ..................................... 50 2.5.2 External links ......................................... 50 3 Conspiracy Theories 51 3.1 List of conspiracy theories ....................................... 51 3.1.1 Ethnicity, race and religion .................................. 51 3.1.2 New World Order ....................................... 53 3.1.3 False flag operations ...................................... 53 3.1.4 Wars ............................................. 54 3.1.5 Assassinations and other deaths ................................ 55 3.1.6 US Presidency ......................................... 56 3.1.7 Apocalyptic prophecies .................................... 56 3.1.8 Technology and weapons ................................... 57 3.1.9 Media ............................................. 59 3.1.10 Medicine ........................................... 60 3.1.11 Real groups said to be involved in conspiracies ........................ 61 iv CONTENTS 3.1.12 Paranormal activity ...................................... 61 3.1.13 Miscellaneous ......................................... 62 3.1.14 See also ............................................ 64 3.1.15 Notes and references ..................................... 64 3.1.16 Further reading ........................................ 70 4 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses 72 4.1 Text .................................................. 72 4.2 Images ................................................. 76 4.3 Content license ............................................ 82 0.1. CLIMATE ENGINEERING 1 0.1 Climate engineering versial. Some limited tree planting[11] and cool roof[12] projects are already underway. Ocean iron fertilization has been given small-scale research trials.[13] Most experts and major reports advise against relying on geoengineering techniques as a simple solution to climate change, in part due to the large uncertainties over effec- tiveness and side effects. However, most experts also ar- gue that the risks of such interventions must be seen in the context of risks of dangerous climate change.[14] As a rule of thumb it would appear that the scale of risks and costs of each climate engineering option appear to be somewhat inverse: The lower the costs, the greater the risks.[14] Some have suggested that the concept of geo- engineering the climate presents a moral hazard because it could reduce political and public pressure for emissions reduction.[15] Groups such as ETC Group[16] and individ- uals such as Raymond Pierrehumbert have called for a moratorium on deployment and out-of-doors testing of geoengineering techniques for climate control.[17][18] 0.1.1 Background With respect to climate, geoengineering is defined by the University of Oxford Geoengineering Programme as "... the deliberate large-scale intervention in the Earth’s nat- [19] An oceanic phytoplankton bloom in the South Atlantic Ocean, ural systems to counteract climate