EPA/600/R-00/099 March 2001 SOURCES, EMISSION AND EXPOSURE FOR TRICHLOROETHYLENE (TCE) AND RELATED CHEMICALS National Center for Environmental Assessment–Washington Office Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC 20460 DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES............................................................ x LIST OF FIGURES........................................................... xi PREFACE ................................................................. xii AUTHORS, CONTRIBUTORS, AND REVIEWERS ............................... xiii SECTION A. SUMMARY AND INTRODUCTION ..................................1 SUMMARY..................................................................1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................10 SECTION B. PARENT COMPOUNDS ..........................................13 1.0 TRICHLOROETHYLENE ...............................................13 1.1 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES .........................13 1.1.1 Nomenclature ..............................................13 1.1.2 Formula and Molecular Weight ................................13 1.1.3 Chemical and Physical Properties ..............................13 1.1.4 Technical Products and Impurities ..............................14 1.2 PRODUCTION AND USE .........................................14 1.2.1 Production ................................................14 1.2.2 Uses .....................................................14 1.2.3 Disposal ..................................................15 1.3 POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE.............................15 1.3.1 Natural Occurrence .........................................15 1.3.2 Occupational Exposure ......................................15 1.3.3 Environmental .............................................15 1.4 HUMAN EXPOSURE AND POPULATION ESTIMATES ...............23 1.4.1 General U.S. Population .....................................23 1.4.2 Occupational Exposure ......................................26 1.4.3 Consumer Exposure .........................................27 1.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY...........................................27 2.0 TETRACHLOROETHYLENE (PERCHLOROETHYLENE) ....................30 2.1 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES .........................30 2.1.1 Nomenclature ..............................................30 2.1.2 Formula and Molecular Weight ................................30 2.1.3 Chemical and Physical Properties ..............................30 2.1.4 Technical Products and Impurities ..............................31 2.2 PRODUCTION AND USE .........................................31 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) 2.2.1 Production ................................................31 2.2.2 Uses .....................................................32 2.2.3 Disposal ..................................................32 2.3 POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE.............................32 2.3.1 Natural Occurrence .........................................32 2.3.2 Occupational ..............................................32 2.3.3 Environmental .............................................33 2.4 HUMAN EXPOSURE AND POPULATION ESTIMATES ...............40 2.4.1 General U.S. Population .....................................40 2.4.2 Occupational Exposure ......................................41 2.4.3 Consumer Exposure .........................................41 2.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY...........................................41 3.0 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE (METHYL CHLOROFORM) .....................44 3.1 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES .........................44 3.1.1 Nomenclature ..............................................44 3.1.2 Formula and Molecular Weight ................................44 3.1.3 Chemical and Physical Properties ..............................44 3.1.4 Technical Products and Impurities ..............................45 3.2 PRODUCTION AND USE .........................................45 3.2.1 Production ................................................45 3.2.2 Uses .....................................................46 3.2.3 Disposal ..................................................46 3.3 POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE.............................46 3.3.1 Natural Occurrence .........................................46 3.3.2 Occupational ..............................................46 3.3.3 Environmental .............................................47 3.4 HUMAN EXPOSURE AND POPULATION ESTIMATES ...............52 3.4.1 General U.S. Population .....................................52 3.4.2 Occupational Exposure ......................................52 3.4.3 Consumer Exposure ........................................54 3.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY...........................................54 4.0 1,2-DICHLOROETHYLENE .............................................56 4.1 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES .........................56 4.1.1 Nomenclature ..............................................56 4.1.2 Formula and Molecular Weight ................................56 4.1.3 Chemical and Physical Properties ..............................56 4.1.4 Technical Products and Impurities ..............................57 4.2 PRODUCTION AND USE .........................................57 4.2.1 Production ................................................57 4.2.2 Uses .....................................................57 4.2.3 Disposal ..................................................58 4.3 POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE.............................58 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) 4.3.1 Natural Occurrence .........................................58 4.3.2 Occupational ..............................................58 4.3.3 Environmental .............................................58 4.4 HUMAN EXPOSURE AND POPULATION ESTIMATES ...............62 4.4.1 General U.S. Population .....................................62 4.4.2 Occupational Exposure ......................................62 4.4.3 Consumer Exposure .........................................64 4.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY...........................................64 5.0 CIS-1,2-DICHLOROETHYLENE .........................................65 5.1 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES .........................65 5.1.1 Nomenclature ..............................................65 5.1.2 Formula and Molecular Weight ................................65 5.1.3 Chemical and Physical Properties ..............................65 5.1.4 Technical Products and Impurities ..............................66 5.2 PRODUCTION AND USE .........................................66 5.2.1 Production ................................................66 5.2.2 Uses .....................................................66 5.2.3 Disposal ..................................................67 5.3 POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE.............................67 5.3.1 Natural Occurrence .........................................67 5.3.2 Occupational ..............................................67 5.3.3 Environmental .............................................67 5.4 HUMAN EXPOSURE AND POPULATION ESTIMATES ...............70 5.4.1 General U.S. Population .....................................70 5.4.2 Occupational Exposure ......................................70 5.4.3 Consumer Exposure .........................................70 6.0 TRANS-1,2-DICHLOROETHYLENE ......................................71 6.1 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES .........................71 6.1.1 Nomenclature ..............................................71 6.1.2 Formula and Molecular Weight ................................71 6.1.3 Chemical and Physical Properties ..............................71 6.1.4 Technical Products and Impurities ..............................72 6.2 PRODUCTION AND USE .........................................72 6.2.1 Production ................................................72 6.2.2 Uses .....................................................72 6.2.3 Disposal ..................................................73 6.3 POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE.............................73 6.3.1 Natural Occurrence .........................................73 6.3.2 Occupational ..............................................73 6.3.3 Environmental .............................................73 6.4 HUMAN EXPOSURE AND POPULATION ESTIMATES ...............76 6.4.1 General U.S. Population .....................................76 v TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) 6.4.2 Occupational Exposure ......................................76 6.4.3 Consumer Exposure .........................................76 7.0 1,1,1,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE ........................................77 7.1 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES .........................77 7.1.1 Nomenclature ..............................................77 7.1.2 Formula and Molecular Weight ................................77 7.1.3 Chemical and Physical Properties ..............................77 7.1.4 Technical Products and Impurities ..............................78 7.2 PRODUCTION AND USE .........................................78 7.2.1 Production ................................................78 7.2.2 Uses .....................................................78 7.2.3 Disposal ..................................................79 7.3 POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE.............................79