Pakistan Country Gender Assessment Volume 1 of 2: Overall Gender Analysis The situation of women in Pakistan has improved over the last 2 decades. Human capital investments resulted in narrowing gender disparities in health and education access, as well as economic and political participation. Still, wide gender gaps remain within the context of persistent poverty and gender-biased cultural norms. This publication gives a broad analysis of the women’s situation, describes the institutional efforts made toward closing gender gaps, and identifies enhancements to development programming assistance that could usher in gender equality. Pakistan Country Gender Assessment—Volume 1 of 2: Overall Gender Analysis Gender Analysis 2: Overall 1 of Country Gender Assessment—Volume Pakistan About the Asian Development Bank ADB’s vision is an Asia and Pacific region free of poverty. Its mission is to help its developing member countries reduce poverty and improve the quality of life of their people. Despite the region’s many successes, it remains home to a large share of the world’s poor. ADB is committed to reducing poverty through inclusive economic growth, environmentally sustainable growth, and regional integration. Based in Manila, ADB is owned by 67 members, including 48 from the region. Its main instruments for helping its developing member countries are policy dialogue, loans, equity investments, guarantees, grants, and technical assistance. PAKISTAN COUNTRY GENDER ASSESSMENT VOLUME 1 OF 2: OVERALL GENDER ANALYSIS ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK www.adb.org PAKISTAN COUNTRY GENDER ASSESSMENT VOLUME 1 OF 2: OVERALL GENDER ANALYSIS ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) © 2016 Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 632 4444; Fax +63 2 636 2444 www.adb.org Some rights reserved. Published in 2016. Printed in the Philippines. ISBN 978-92-9257-525-0 (Print), 978-92-9257-526-7 (e-ISBN) Publication Stock No. RPT168213-2 Cataloging-In-Publication Data Asian Development Bank. Pakistan country gender assessment—Volume 1 of 2: Overall gender analysis. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2016. 1. Country gender assessment. 2. Pakistan. I. Asian Development Bank. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. By using the content of this publication, you agree to be bound by the terms of this license. This CC license does not apply to non-ADB copyright materials in this publication. If the material is attributed to another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it. ADB cannot be held liable for any claims that arise as a result of your use of the material. Attribution—In acknowledging ADB as the source, please be sure to include all of the following information: Author. Year of publication. Title of the material. © Asian Development Bank [and/or Publisher]. URL. Available under a CC BY 3.0 IGO license. Translations—Any translations you create should carry the following disclaimer: Originally published by the Asian Development Bank in English under the title [title] © [Year of publication] Asian Development Bank. All rights reserved. The quality of this translation and its coherence with the original text is the sole responsibility of the [translator]. The English original of this work is the only official version. Adaptations—Any adaptations you create should carry the following disclaimer: This is an adaptation of an original Work © Asian Development Bank [Year]. The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of ADB or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not endorse this work or guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. Please contact [email protected] if you have questions or comments with respect to content, or if you wish to obtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms, or for permission to use the ADB logo. Notes: In this publication, “$” refers to US dollars. Corrigenda to ADB publications may be found at: http://www.adb.org/publications/corrigenda Printed on recycled paper Contents Tables, Figures, and Boxes v Acknowledgments vii Currency ix Abbreviations ix Glossary x Executive Summary xiii PART A: Introduction 1 I. Overview 3 A. Purpose and Objectives 3 B. Methodology 4 C. Contributions of Partners 6 D. Organization of Report 7 II. Country Background 9 A. Demographic Trends 9 B. Economic Trends 11 C. Political Developments 14 D. Opportunities and Challenges 16 PART B: Gender Indicators 19 III. Gender Indexes: A Comparative Perspective 21 A. Gender Gap Index 22 B. Other Gender Indexes 24 IV. Agency, Voice, and Participation 27 A. Introduction 28 B. Agency at the Household Level 28 C. Community Level 33 D. Civic and Political Participation 40 V. Gender Dimensions of Human Capital 42 A. Population, Health, and Nutrition 43 B. Education 46 C. Promoting Women’s Equality in Human Capital Outcomes 51 VI. Gender Dimensions of Economic Opportunity and Empowerment 53 A. Employment Statistics 54 B. Factors Associated with Promoting Women’s Economic Empowerment 60 iii Contents PART C: Gender Equality Laws and Institutions 67 VII. Gender Equality Laws 69 A. International Conventions, Declarations, and Resolutions 69 B. National and Provincial Laws 70 C. Opportunities and Challenges 71 VIII. Gender Equality in Institutions 73 A. Executive Branch 74 B. Legislative Branch 76 C. Judicial Branch 79 D. Other Relevant Institutions 81 E. Emerging Opportunities and Challenges 83 PART D: Future Entry Points 85 IX. Entry Points for Development Assistance 87 A. Infrastructure 87 B. Public Services Sectors 88 C. Private Services Sectors 91 D. Knowledge Creation and Management 94 E. Development Partner Coordination 95 Appendixes 97 1 Persons Contacted 99 2 Laws Related to Family Formation and Dissolution, Pakistan 106 3 Registration and Turnout Rates for National Elections 2002, 2008, and 2013 107 4 Pakistan’s Millenium Development Goal Targets and Achievements 108 5 International Conventions, National and Domestic Laws Pertaining to Women in Pakistan 110 6 Women’s ‘Machinery’ of the Government of Pakistan 117 References 128 iv Tables, Figures, and Boxes Tables 1 Social Institutions and Gender Index and Subindex Values, Pakistan and Select Countries, 2014 25 2 Women’s Economic Opportunity Index Score, Rank, and Subindex Rankings, Pakistan and Select Countries, 2010 26 3 Asset Ownership by Assets and Sex, 2011/12 32 4 Women Able to Leave Home by Purpose of Trip, 2011/12 33 5 Women as a Percentage of Registered Voters, 2006, 2008, and 2013 41 6 Distribution of Health Care Use by Sex and Type of Care, 2011–2012 46 7 Mass Media Use, by Media and Sex, 2011–2012 63 8 Rural and Urban Transport Ownership, 2012–2013 64 9 Women among Elected Legislators 1997, 2002, 2008, 2013 77 10 National and Provincial Legislative Committees, Women’s Rights 78 A6.1 Women in National and Provincial Legislatures, April 2014 117 A6.2 Women’s Legislative Caucuses 118 A6.3 National and Provincial Commissions on the Status of Women, Pakistan 120 A6.4 Provincial Executive Branch Institutions for Women’s Development and Empowerment Postdevolution 124 Figures 1 Structural Change of Pakistan’s Economy, 1995–2014 12 2 Poverty Headcount, Poverty Gap, and Stunting, 1986/87–2011/12 13 3 Gender Gap Index, Pakistan and Select Countries, 2007–2014 22 4 Indicators in the Gender Gap Index, Pakistan, 2008 and 2014 23 5 Gender Inequality Index, Pakistan and Select Countries, 2011 and 2014 24 6 Time Use by Sex and Location, 2007 30 7 Agreement of Ever-Married Women and Men with Justifications for Wife Beating by Rural or Urban Residence, 2012 36 8 Agreement of Ever-Married Women and Men with at Least One Reason for Wife Beating by Province, 2012 36 9 Gender-Based Violence by Type of Violence, 2008–2012 38 10 Gender-Based Violence by Type of Violence by Province and Total, 2012 39 11 Sex Ratios of Children Aged under 15 Years, Select Countries and the World, 1995–2013 43 12 Maternal Mortality Rate, 1990/91–2012/13 45 13 Female and Male Literacy Rates, 2001–2013 47 14 Gender Parity Index Trends, 1990/1–2012/13 48 15 Primary, Middle, and Secondary Gross Enrollment Rates and Net Enrollment Rates, Females and Males, 2011–2012 49 v Tables, Figures, and Boxes 16 Females as a Percentage of Total Enrollment by Educational Level by Province, 2012–2013 49 17 Language and Math Competencies,