RY STO HI RY TA ILI M Library and Archives Canada, Acc. No. 1983-28-590 No. Acc. Canada, Archives Library and PatRIOTISM AND ALLEGIANCES OF THE 22ND (FRENCH CANADIAN) BattaLION, 1914–1918 by Raphaël Dallaire Ferland Introduction the Van Doos (the English nickname for the 22nd Battalion, and later, the Royal 22e Régiment; from the French for 22, n 27 April 1916, Major Georges P. Vanier, who “vingt-deux”) feel about their homeland, Canada; their adopted at the time was in the trenches at St-Éloi with mother country, Britain; their mother country, France; and the 22nd (French Canadian) Battalion, wrote in their French-Canadian nation? his diary: “On my 28th birthday, the newspa- pers are reporting a revolt in Dublin. Canada ORegrettable….” For the Irish, 1916 was the year of the Easter Rising, in which intellectuals encouraged the people to oppose he town of Saint-Jean, Quebec, was chosen as the training British authority, expressed their fear of conscription, and T site for the 22nd Battalion in October 1914, but its initial called for Ireland’s independence. For the 22nd Battalion, 1916 commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Frederick Mondelet was the year of the Battle of Courcelette. That battle would Gaudet, decided that it was too close to Montreal and the make the military reputation of the battalion, which was acting city’s many temptations, so in March 1915, he moved the bat- “… for the honour of all French Canadians [translation].”1 The talion to Amherst, Nova Scotia. nationalisms2 of two peoples who had so much in common would, that year in Europe, take opposite directions: while the When they arrived in Amherst, the Van Doos found the Irish rebels were fighting for the right not to go to war as part streets almost deserted and the shops closed.3 However, that of the British Empire, the 22nd Battalion was fighting as part initial coldness between English Canadians and French of a quest for recognition within that same empire and its colo- Canadians did not last. According to Captain Georges nial army, the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF). Raphaël Dallaire Ferland is working on his master’s degree in interna- This article, which is primarily based on an analysis of tional history at the Institut des hautes études internationales et du dével- war diaries, explores the patriotic sentiment and the alle- oppement (IHEID) in Geneva, Switzerland. He conducted his research in giances within the 22nd Battalion, the only French-Canadian the Royal 22e Régiment archives in Quebec City under the supervision of unit deployed to the front during the First World War. How did Professor Desmond Morton. Vol. 13, No. 1, Winter 2012 • Canadian Military Journal 51 Francoeur, it was Amherst’s priest who, hearing of the festive moment: “The sight was impressive as we drew away to the reputation the 22nd Battalion had acquired at Saint-Jean, “… sound of ‘O Canada’ played by our band. Quietly we left the had told the girls and everyone not to wharf, the people waving flags, handker- come and see the soldiers [transla- “Once the battalion chief [sic] and hats. It was the most ‘liv- tion].”4 Gradually, the Nova Scotians ven- ing’ moment of our existence so far.”7 tured out of their houses and, in the end, arrived at the front, wrote all the authors studied praised the hospi- Georges Francoeur, there Once the battalion arrived at the 5 tality extended by the people of Amherst. was considerable front, wrote Georges Francoeur, there was At the send-off of the Saxonia, which was considerable cooperation between the Van to take the battalion to England, the cooperation between Doos and the rest of the CEF. During an mayor delivered a speech praising the the Van Doos and the inspection on 2 October, the captain French-Canadian soldiers. According to rest of the CEF.” expressed his gratitude for the kind words La Presse reporter Claudius Corneloup, of the Anglophone 5th Brigade “… the city’s brass band played the Commander, Brigadier David Watson. ‘Marseillaise,’ and our soldiers, touched by that mark of con- Two days later, when the 22nd Battalion relieved the Yorkshire sideration, sang ‘God Save the King.’”6 English Canadians, Light Infantry Regiment, “… the officers were as courteous out of respect, associated French Canadians with France, as could be, giving us all the information we needed.”8 All the while French Canadians associated their Anglophone counter- authors studied offer similar examples of cooperation between parts with the British monarchy. Georges Vanier seems to French Canadians and English Canadians. Waging war on the have been particularly moved by that very Canadian patriotic same front, where a battalion’s survival depended to some extent upon the rest of its brigade, its division, and its corps, created solidarity between French Canadians and English Canadians.9 The only exception found in this study was a complaint from Major- General R.E.W. Turner, on 21 August 1916, that the Van Doos did not talk much to the 75th (Toronto) Battalion. The prob- lem, which may have been due to the language barrier, was quickly solved after the 22nd’s command- ing officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas-Louis Tremblay, inter- vened.10 Of course, Tremblay was competitive and was quick to note the blunders of the other battal- ions,11 but there is nothing to indi- cate that the same kind of competi- tion did not exist between the Anglophone units, and Tremblay’s zeal can be explained by his aware- ness that, through his battalion, he was representing an entire ‘race.’ In reality, the friction between divi- sions (which cooperated less directly than the battalions within the same division) seemed more intense than that between French Canadians and English Canadians. On 23 and 24 June 1916, Tremblay complained about the 1st Division, which had falsely accused the 2nd Division of abandoning the trenches at Mont Sorrel: “Men from the 25th Bn [part of the 2nd Division] have already sent a num- ber of men from the 7th Bn [part of the 1st Division] to the hospital Directorate of History and Heritage Directorate [translation].” 52 Canadian Military Journal • Vol. 13, No. 1, Winter 2012 As was considered proper during contacts between citizens of different RY countries, the Van Doos served as ‘goodwill ambassadors’ in their encoun- ters with Europeans. Some—like STO Francoeur and his platoon, when they HI met a Belgian farmer and his two daughters on 10 January 1916—decided to act as ambassadors for Canada: “One RY was brunette and one was blonde; they spoke French well and we talked for a TA long time about their country and our Canada [translation].” ILI Needless to say, all the contributors M studied were happy to return to Canada. Arthur J. Lapointe had this to say: “When I woke up this morning, we were nearing Halifax. A soft layer of snow covered the ground all around the city. Canada. Department of National Defence/Library and Archives Canada/PA-002666 Archives Department and of National Defence/Library Canada. My heart was bursting with joy as we Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas-Louis Tremblay approached this land that I thought I would never see again [translation].”15 If one can speak of Canadian patriotism among the Van Doos, it mainly took the form of a passive sense of belong- Britain ing: without exception, the authors examined in this study speak of Canada, not Quebec, as their homeland. Their n the other hand, the Van Doos expressed no apparent patriotism was passive in the sense that it rarely motivated O patriotism or allegiance toward their ‘adopted mother them to fight.12 For them, Canada was the land to which they country,’ Britain. Monarchist rhetoric was never used in a felt attached, where their nostalgia was focused—especially motivational speech before a battle, and it seems to have been during major holidays. On Christmas Day 1915, Francoeur expressed very rarely in personal diaries. While there might tried to capture the mood of his platoon: “All of us have left not have been any open hostility toward the Crown, there was behind in our dear Canada a family we think of often, and no great enthusiasm for it, either. Arthur Lapointe’s indiffer- on this day we very much wish we could be with them to ence upon his arrival in England was typical: “I looked out the revive old memories [translation].” Vanier, in a letter to his window at this country that was unknown to me, but a thick mother, described a traditional Canadian celebration (“… fog cast a melancholy pall over everything before me. What a we sang Canadian songs and ate Canadian dishes”). On New contrast to our departure from Canada!”16 Year’s Day, wrote Francoeur, “… we thought of our beautiful Canada, and we wonder what the New Year has in store for us—a speedy return to our country, or a wooden cross [translation]!”13 He, like all the authors studied, longed to return to his “country,” not to Quebec, where his fam- ily was waiting for him. For French Canadians, Canada repre- sented a dream of comfort, where their ‘near and dear ones’ awaited their return to hearth and home. That dream found expres- sion in the “Ballade des Chaussettes,” a song about socks composed by a French Canadian that, according to Francoeur, was very popular in the trenches: … Your socks are going to Berlin We’re taking your Canadian socks And we know how to wear them Marching in step, singing “O Canada” And our blood must go with them … Canada/PA-000253 Archives Department and of National Defence/Library Canada.