Cambridge University Press 0521821738 - Languages in a Globalising World - Edited by Jacques Maurais and Michael A. Morris Index More information Index Abdal language 159 economic strength of 236, 238 Afghanistan 238 future of 16, 258 Africa in Algeria 15 African languages 28, 206, 209, 212–213, in France 252 214–215, 216, 329 in north Africa 70, 78, 210 colonialism in 211–213 number of native speakers 234, 302 definition of divisions of Africa 203 political strength of 239, 241 future of French language in 8 spread of 70, 208, 251–253 future of Hausa and Swahili languages 16 standardisation of 256, 257–258 language teaching in 32, 33 Aramaic language 26, 75 also see sub-Saharan Africa Argentina 4, 69 Afrikaans 209 indigenous languages in 120 Albania 85, 308 in Mercosur 116, 119–120 Algeria 15 monolingualism in Spanish 119, 120 Alliance Fran¸caise29 teaching of foreign languages in 120, 310 Alliance Isra´eliteUniverselle 29 Armenia 266, 269, 270, 271, 308 Alsatian language 50 Asia Amharic language 205, 210 language trends in 4, 21, 304, 305–306 Americas see also Central Asia, East Asia, the Middle language teaching in the 32 East, South Asia, and Southeast Asia language trends in the 4 Australasia Amerindian languages 50, 55 language trends in 4, 7 Amhara language 214 membership in 4 Andorra 306, 308 also see South Pacific Anglo-Saxon language 70 Australia 5, 55, 69, 199, 218, 221, 223, 301 Angola 313–314 language policy 223 Anguilla 310 see also Australasia Antigua 310 Austria 241, 308 apartheid 13, 14 Automatic translation, see translation Arab countries Azerbaijan 14, 266, 269, 270, 308 language policies of 251, 256–257 mother tongues in 256, 258 Babylonian Empire 75 reliance on foreign language web sites Bahamas 310 252–253 Baltic states 277–281 Arabic language 24 language policies of 277–281 Arabic alphabet and the computer 253–254 Bambara language 212, 213 and new information technologies 20, 21, Baoule language 54 76, 250–251 Barbados 310 and the ‘engco’ model 16 Basque language 3, 19, 112 as a language of wider communication 7 Belarus 270, 275–276 challenges to 8 language policy in 275, 276, 308 coding of Arabic characters 254–255 Belorussia 266, 268, 269 334 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521821738 - Languages in a Globalising World - Edited by Jacques Maurais and Michael A. Morris Index More information Index 335 Belorussian language 275–276 Cartier, Jacques 71 Belgium 49, 59, 64, 212, 241, 306, 308 Catalan language 3, 21, 112 post-colonial relations 208 Cayman Islands 310 Bengali language 16, 75 census surveys 64, 65 number of native speakers 234 Central African Republic 18, 212 Belize 310 Central Asia 5 Benin 18, 208 and China 179 Berber language 78 and English language 179, 325 Berlin conference of 1885 308 and South Korea 179, 181–182 Bermuda 310 changing role of Russian 162, 170–172, Bete language 54 179, 182 Bhojpuri langauge 67 implementation of language policies 168, Bihari language 67 172, 182 Bislama (pidgin) 222, 224 language policies 4, 6, 165, 166, 180 Bolivia 310 map 158 Bollywood 75 minority languages of 163, 165, 170, 181, Bombay 75 182 Bornuan expansion 205 multilingualism in 157, 159, 161, 162 Brazil 4, 113 proposed Latin alphabets 173–174, 177 and spread of the Portuguese language 9, role of Iran in 177 313–314 role of Turkey in 14, 177, 178–179 immigration and language in 123, 124–125 Russian population 170, 182 indigenous languages 123–124 Soviet language policy 161, 165, 166 in Mercosur 116, 117, 123–125 see also Kazakhstan, Kirghizstan, language policy of 123, 124, 313 Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan teaching of foreign languages in 25, Central Europe, see Eastern Europe 124–125, 310 Chad 208 Breton language 50 Chaghatay language 164 Britain, see Great Britain Channel Islands 308 British Council 29, 298 chaos theory 17 British Council report on English 15, 298, 299, Chichewa language 211 304 Chile 238, 310 see also David Graddol China, People’s Republic of 66 British Virgin Islands 310 and study of Japanese language 199 Brunei 218, 307 Classical Chinese 188, 189, 193 Bulgaria 85, 308 language policy 4, 183, 188, 190, 303–304, foreign language study in 95–96 307 influence of French language in 86, 88 Chinese language 24, 67, 188, 193, 194, 224 Bulgarian language 27 and technology 18, 20, 21, 76, 195, 197, 201 Burkina Faso 212 and the ‘engco’ model 16 Burundi 210, 211 and the spread of English 201, 224 economic strength of 235, 238 Calvet, Louis-Jean 112–113 future of 16, 28, 31, 225 Cambodia 224, 307 in scientific literature 60 Cameroon 212, 215 number of native speakers 234 Canada 5, 68, 69, 301 political strength of 241 and languages in cities 77–78 potential candidacy as a language of wider and new information technologies 19, 76, 77 communication 7, 201 English-speaking Canada 151, 154 study strength of 246 English-speaking Canada and Quebec cities compared 151 and languages 77 language policy of 62, 65, 68, 146 Colombia 77, 310 study of Spanish in 23 Commonwealth of Independent States 260, Cantonese language 18, 66, 67 265–272 Cape Verde 313 national languages in the 265 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521821738 - Languages in a Globalising World - Edited by Jacques Maurais and Michael A. Morris Index More information 336 Index Commonwealth of Independent States (cont.) influence of Russian language in 86–89, 90, language policies in the 265, 267–272, 97 306–308, 309 monolingualism in 86 Russian-speaking population in the 268 multilingualism in 85 Comoros 208 East Germany 87 Congo-Brazzaville 14, 208 ecological theorists, see linguistic theory Congo-Kinshasa 211, 212, 215, 294 economic integration, see regional economic Cook Islands 218 integration Corsican language 3 economic power Costa Rica 310 and languages 72–73 Couvert, C. 291–292 Ecuador 77, 310 Croatian language 52 Egypt 18 Crystal, David 27, 301 Egyptian hieroglyphics 18 Cuba 310 El Salvador 310 and the United States 66 endangered languages, see linguistic diversity cuneiform writing 18 ‘engco’ model 16, 236, 304 cyberspace, see virtual space England 68–70 Czech Republic 85 colonial empire 206 see also Czechoslovakia post-colonial relations 207 foreign language study in 94–95 English language 69 Czech language 21, 27 and globalisation 24, 104, 322, 326 Czechoslovakia 308 and linguistic theories 47, 50 foreign language study in 94–95 and new information technologies 20, 21, influence of German language in 86 22, 43, 76, 243, 302 See also Czech and Slovak Republics and regional economic integration 3 and standard language 38 Daimler-Chrysler 237 and the ‘engco’ model 16 Dalmatian language 52 as a dominant language 61, 330 Danish language 21, 101, 235, 237, 238, 240, as a language of wider communication 7, 74 242 concentric circles of speakers of 7–8, 220, decolonisation 206 301, 302, 322 Denmark 308 creole version of 303 developing countries cultural strength of 243–245 and new information technologies 17–20 during World War II 78 Djibouti 18, 208 economic strength of 235, 236, 237, 238 dominant languages 60, 61, 77 future of 16, 26, 27, 28, 29, 48–49, 79, 298 resentment against 73 in Australasia and the South Pacific 7 Dominica 310 in Central and Eastern Europe 5, 14 Dominican Republic 18, 310 in Central Asia 6 Dutch language 20, 21, 101, 235, 237, 238 in China 303–304 cultural strength of 243 in East Asia 6, 70, 75, 304 political strength of 240, 242 in England 70 study strength of 246 in Europe 306–309 in the European Union 5, 101, 103, East Asia 104–105, 242 language policies 4, 6, 305–306, 307 in the former USSR region 306–309 Eastern Europe 5, 13 in francophone countries 14–16 foreign language study in 85, 88, 90, 96 in India 302 impact of Soviet Union on 86 in international organisations 41 influence of English language in 87, 88, 89, in Latin America 306, 309, 315 96, 97 in Mercosur 6, 9 influence of French language in 8, 87, 88, in north Africa 78, 252–253 89, 90, 96, 97 in North America 25, 68 influence of German language in 87, 88, 89, in scientific literature 60, 62, 244–245 90, 96, 97 in South Asia 5 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521821738 - Languages in a Globalising World - Edited by Jacques Maurais and Michael A. Morris Index More information Index 337 in Southeast Asia 200, 305–306 jurisprudence about language issues 23, in southern Africa 14 106–107 in Sub-Saharan Africa 4, 6, 213, 214, 216 languages used in the 100–101 in West Africa 15–17 language policy 3, 5–6, 39, 106–108, 328 influence on French by 51, 61 linguistic services of the 109 influence by French on 70 limits of institutional multilingualism in the measuring the spread of 9 101–102 number of native speakers 234, 235, 298, Lingua 100, 108 302 linguistic influence of the 100 political strength of 239, 240, 241, 242 membership in the 4 publications by Germany in 32 minority languages in the 107 spread in higher education 32 spread of English in the 22 spread of 1, 2, 9, 30, 324 translation and interpretation costs 30 spread affecting other languages 111–112, use of Spanish in the 102 324 see also EU member countries (i.e., Britain, spread in Japan 200 France, Germany, Italy, etc.) study in Germany of 32 Ew´elanguage´ 212 study in Latin America of 25, 119 study strength of 246, 247 Falkland Islands 310 teaching in Africa of 32 Fanagalo language 206 use by Chaucer of 74 Faeroe Islands 308 see also World English Ferguson, Niall 71 English–speaking countries 72 Fiji 218, 223 and computer users 75 Finland 108, 308 foreign language