Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-14916-7 - Shattering Empires: The Clash and Collapse of the Ottoman and Russian Empires, 1908-1918 Michael A. Reynolds Index More information Index Abdulhamid¨ II, Sultan, 22, 54, 61, 64, 83, Armenian massacres of 1894–96, 84, 87, 90, 96, 150, 238 54 and Armenian massacres of 1894–96, Armenian military formations, 117, 144, 54 145, 146 and pan-Islam, 82–83 Russians decide to disband, 156–57 deposed, 30 victories at Karakilise and Sardarabad, indirect rule of Eastern Anatolia, 211 50 Armenian Patriarchate, 48, 54 introduces and suspends constitution, Armenian Question, 16, 48, 73, 78, 151, 49 152–53, 201, 215, 247 Abdulkadir,¨ Sheikh, 65, 66 Russia resurrects, 73 Abdullah Cevdet, 55 Armenian Reform Plan of 1914, 41–42, Abdurrezzak¨ Bedirhan, 58, 64, 65, 77, 73–77, 143, 150 145, 159 Armenians, 2, 46, 86 and Bitlis Uprising, 80 Allies condemn 1915 massacres, efforts to unify Kurds, 60, 67–69 148 Russophilia, 59 and Bitlis Uprising, 79 Abkhaz, 236, 265 and Congress of Berlin, 15–16 Abkhazia, 209, 236 and example of Bulgaria, 16 Agao˘ glu˘ (Agaev), Ahmed, 42, 43, 44, 89, and land question, 50 90, 94, 186, 187 deaths in massacres and deportations, criticizes Ottoman government on 155 Brest-Litovsk, 186 education and ascendance of, 51 Ahmed Izzet˙ Pasha, 164 experience between 1908 and 1918 as Ajaria, 88, 165 cruelest irony, 264 Ajars, 88, 124, 134, 139, 144 land question, 88 Akhaltsikh and Akhalkalaki, 207 numbers deported from Anatolia, 152 Albania, 26, 34, 150 peasantry, 51, 61 Alekseev, Mikhail (chief of General Staff), population counts, 47–48 139 revolutionaries, 70–71, 98–102 urges Russia to make separate peace see also Dashnaktsutiun and with Ottoman empire, 137 Hnchakian Revolutionary Party Ali Fuat (Cebesoy), 257 view of Russian occupation policy, Ali Huseyinzade,¨ 129 159–60 Ali Kemalˆ Bey, 30 Armeno-Tatar War of 1905, 84 Ardahan, 14, 20, 50, 83, 124, 132, 175, Ashirbekov, Isa, 221 176, 184, 185, 189, 199, 200, 203, Asımˆ Bey, 33 232, 245, 247, 257 Assyrians, 2, 16, 46, 47, 48, 69, 79, 115, Soviet Union demands, 262 117, 118, 142, 152, 153, 155, 156, Armenia, 47, 191, 214, 246, 253, 257, 258 258 Armenian National Council declares relations with Kurds, 52 independence, 212 request Russian arms, 115 293 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-14916-7 - Shattering Empires: The Clash and Collapse of the Ottoman and Russian Empires, 1908-1918 Michael A. Reynolds Index More information 294 Index Austria-Hungary, 3, 26, 31, 107, 110, 113, Bitlis, 41, 47, 60, 64, 117, 136, 141, 160, 124, 125, 139, 172, 177, 182 162 and Ukraine, 134, 183 Kurdish uprising of 1914, 78–81 annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina, 27 Black Sea Straits, 29, 115, 135, 137, 177, little patience for Ottoman claims at 253, 262, 263 Brest-Litovsk, 172, 185 Ottomans shut in September 1914, Aver’ianov, Petr, 48, 49, 66, 67 112 Azerbaijan, 28, 84, 121, 191, 214, 219, Russian dependence upon, 32, 33 223, 230, 233, 246, 248, 258 Russian plans to seize, 31, 35, 40 Act of Independence, 213 Bolsheviks, 5, 172, 173, 176, 196, 200, and federation with Ottoman empire, 209, 215, 225, 227–29, 231 213–14 conquer Caucasus, 256–57 demand that Ottomans withdraw from Baghdad, 135, 136, 169, 171, 220 Caucasus, 180, 245–46, 247–48 Bahaeddin S¸akir, 30, 84–85, 116, 121, formula of peace without annexations 124, 132 and indemnities, 170, 171, 174 Baku, 93, 126, 192, 204, 209, 217, 227, goal at Brest-Litovsk, 177 228, 231, 252, 256, 257 issue “Declaration of the Rights of and Congress of the Peoples of the East, Peoples”, 192, 253 258 issue decree “On Armenia”, 179 Bolsheviks and Germans codify overthrow Provisional Government, 170 agreement on, 232 sign Brest-Litovsk Treaty, 186 falls to Caucasus Army of Islam, 233–35 spar with Germans over March Events, 200 self-determination, 178 massacre of Armenians, 234 Bosnia and Herzegovina, 27, 29, 75, 107 strategic significance to Ottomans, 219 Bosphorus, 31, 35, 36, 242, 252 Baku Commune, 200, 224–26 see also Black Sea Straits Balkan Wars, 34–37, 91 Breslau and Goeben, 109, 111 impact on Ottoman empire, 38–40, 53, Brest-Litovsk, peace talks, 171, 196 63 Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of, 216, 219, 231, impact on Russian thinking, 72–73 232, 243, 245, 246–48 Balkans, 30, 120, 165, 261 Ottoman reaction to, 186–87 and national idea, 12 Bukhara, 60, 65, 88, 240, 242 Muslim refugees from, 17, 25, 150 Bulgaria, 12, 13, 14, 35–36, 172–75, 185, Bammate (Bammatov), Haidar, 201, 248 206–07 warns of Unionist indifference to North Cabir Pasha, 66 Caucasus, 249 Cafer Bey, 85–86 Baratov, General Nikolai, 158 Caucasus Army of Islam, 220–24, 226, Basok-Melenev’skii, Mariian, 133, 134 227, 229, 230, 233–35, 246 Batumi, 14, 20, 50, 184, 185, 189, 199, Transcaucasus and 199, 200, 207, 218 200, 209, 232, 245, 247 Caucasus Committee, 175–76 as obstacle to Georgian–Ottoman Cavid Bey, 10, 112, 113 alliance, 202–03 Cemal Pasha (Bey), Ahmed, 97, 109, 112, peace talks, 206–10 113, 137, 222 Benyamin, Mar Shimun XXI, on pathetic assassinated, 252 state of Ottoman army, 170 favors alliance with France, 108 Berlin, Congress of, 14 leads offensive at Suez, 127–28 and affirmation of national idea, 15 Central Caspian Dictatorship, 229, 233 article 61, 15–16 Cevdet Bey, 83, 162 Bernstorff, Johann Heinrich von, 171, 175, Charykov, Nikolai, 29, 30, 31, 33, 61, 93 227 on pan-Islam, 92 Bessarabia, 14, 258 Chechens, 91, 201 Bicherakhov, Colonel Lazar, 226, Chermoev, Abdulmejid (Tapa), 206, 249, 229 251 Bismarck, Otto von, 16 Chernozubov, General Fedor, 126, 134 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-14916-7 - Shattering Empires: The Clash and Collapse of the Ottoman and Russian Empires, 1908-1918 Michael A. Reynolds Index More information Index 295 Chicherin, Georgii (Commissar for addresses Batumi city duma, 204 Foreign Affairs), 209, 232, 247 advises that Russia’s Muslims and blasts Ottomans for violating Georgians will not support Ottomans, Brest-Litovsk, 245 123 Chirkov (consul in Khoy), 67, 68 and Georgian Legion, 133 Chkhenkeli, Akaki, 201, 202, 203 and raid on Sublime Porte, 37 Chrysanthos, Metropolitan of Trabzon, anger over Balkan Wars, 39 163–64 capture of Russian supplies inspires Churchill, Winston, 110, 262 plans of deeper advance, 199 Cilicia, 141, 252 complains about Russian atrocitities, Circassians, 15, 16, 46, 47, 52, 53, 87, 198 121, 123, 149, 256 creates secret force to suppress attempts Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), at “peace coup”, 138 2, 22, 23, 30, 34, 55, 87, 93, 97–98 on importance of Azerbaijan’s see also Unionists independence at war’s end, 249–50 activities in Transcaucasus and Iran, 83 founds Tes¸kilat-ıˆ Mahsusa, 121 and land reform, 62–63 in 1908 Revolution, 1 Congress of Oppressed Peoples, 129 in Tripolitanian War, 32 Cossacks, 46, 104, 105, 120, 140, 144, instructs Vehib Pasha to propose 146, 160, 237 ceasefire, 170 Crimea, 25, 43, 80, 87, 103, 186, 188, issues secret orders to take Baku, 239, 241, 246 227–28 Cyprus, 26 killed, 252 Czernin, Ottokar von, 174, 175, 182, 183 making war plans, 120 on desperate conditions of Ottomans Dagestan, 235, 236, 248, 251 and enemies alike in 1917, 170 Dardanelles, 36, 112, 135, 168, 252, 253 on ill-preparedness of army for war in see also Black Sea Straits 1914, 107 Dashnaktsutiun (Armenian Revolutionary on impossibility of neutrality, 109 Federation), 53, 54, 72, 73, 74, 83, orders formation of Caucasus 115, 116, 117, 157, 200, 209, 212, Committee, 175 225, 228 orders Halil Bey to advance on Tiflis, and land question, 61 208 animosity toward Kurds, 55 orders non-Muslim place names cooperation with Ottomans against changed, 151 Russians, 99–102 orders surprise attack on Russia, fighting Kurds alongside Ottoman 113 forces, 64–66 outlines mission of Caucasus Army of relations with CUP, 54–55 Islam, 222 Derbent, 229, 249 pitches idea of alliance with Russia, Deyr ul-Zor,¨ 148, 152 110 Diyar-ı Bekir, 41, 47, 55, 60, 64, 117, 141, plans for Thunderbolt Army in 1917, 149, 252 169 Dunsterville, Colonel Lionel, 233, 234 prioritizes at Brest-Litovsk Russia’s disengagement from Caucasus and Edirne, 25, 37, 38, 97, 149, 253 Iran, 172 Egypt, 13, 139 recaptures Edirne, 38 as objective of Suez offensive, 128 requests German support for return of Elisavetpol, 84, 132, 213, 221, 223, 229, Kars, Ardahan, and Batumi, 171–72 241 responds to Agao˘ glu’s˘ criticism of Elviye-i Selaseˆ (Kars, Ardahan, and Brest-Litovsk, 186 Batumi), 171, 175, 184, 186, 190, reverses stance on Caucasian 191, 243–45 independence, 195 Enver Pasha (Bey), Ismail,˙ 30, 108, 109, seeks to delay entry into war, 110 113, 134, 163, 175, 179, 203, 211, supports idea of a unified Caucasus, 228, 231, 248, 249, 258 201–02 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-14916-7 - Shattering Empires: The Clash and Collapse of the Ottoman and Russian Empires, 1908-1918 Michael A. Reynolds Index More information 296 Index Enver Pasha (cont.) efforts to slow Ottoman advance on takes command of Sarikamish operation, Baku, 226–27 124 policy on self-determination at views on Armenian statehood, 201–02, Brest-Litovsk, 178 210–11, 248 Girs, Nikolai, 45, 75, 76, 114, 118 warns against recognizing an and Bitlis uprising, 79 independent Transcaucasus, 193 at Livadia with Talatˆ and Sazonov, 44 Erzincan Armistice, 171, 193–95 in command of Black Sea Fleet, 35, 36 Erzurum, 41, 47, 68, 76, 83, 86, 87, 104, on ethnic cleansing of Greeks as path to 105, 116, 117,