AROUND THE PLANNING WORLD IN 90 MINUTES PATHWAYS IN INTERNATIONAL PLANNING HISTORY A Chronology of events 1785 Ordinance of 1785. Provided for the rectangular land survey of the Old Northwest. The rectangular survey has been called "the largest single act of national planning in our history and ... the most significant in terms of continuing impact on the body politic" (Daniel Elazar). 1791 Pierre Charles L’Enfant prepares the plan for the City of Washington. Its scheme of broad radiating avenues connecting significant focal points, its open spaces, and its grid pattern of streets oriented north, south, east, and west is still the plan against which all modern land use proposals for the Nation’s Capital are considered. 1853 Baron Georges Eugene Haussman (1809-1892) was appointed by Napoleon III to modernize Paris. Napoleon III hoped to better control the flow of traffic, encourage economic growth and make the city “revolution-proof” by making it harder to build barricades. 1855 First "model tenement" built in Manhattan. 1858 Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux began the design of Central Park, New York. 1859 The first comprehensive city plan was created by Ildefons Cerda for the extension of Barcelona, Spain. His central aim was to overcome social problems by using quadrangular blocks of a standard size, with strict building controls to ensure that they were built up on only two sides, to a limited height, leaving a shady square or garden in between. 1868 Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux began the planning of Riverside, Illinois, a planned suburban community stressing rural as opposed to urban amenities. 1879 Debut of the "Dumbbell Tenement," so called because of its shape. A form of multifamily housing widely built in New York until the end of the century and notorious for the poor living conditions it imposed on its denizens (lack of light, air, space). OEP Spring Planning & Zoning Conference 2005 1 AROUND THE PLANNING WORLD IN 90 MINUTES 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago commemorating the 400th anniversary of the discovery of the New World. A source of the City Beautiful Movement and of the urban planning profession. 1898 “Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform,” by Ebenezer Howard, a source of the Garden City Movement. Reissued in 1902 as “Garden Cities of Tomorrow.” 1903 Letchworth constructed. First English Garden City and a stimulus to New Town movement in America (Greenbelt Towns, Columbia, etc.). 1906 Antiquities Act of 1906: First law to institute federal protection for preserving archaeological sites. Provided for designation as National Monuments areas already in the public domain that contained "historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and objects of historic or scientific interest." 1909 First National Conference on City Planning in Washington, District of Columbia. 1909 Daniel Burnham's Plan of Chicago published. First metropolitan plan in the United States. (Key figures: Frederick A. Delano, Charles Wacker, Charles Dyer Norton.) 1909 Possibly the first course in city planning in this country is inaugurated in Harvard College's Landscape Architecture Department. Taught by James Sturgis Pray. 1914 Flavel Shurtleff writes “Carrying Out the City Plan,” the first major textbook on city planning. 1916 Nation's first comprehensive zoning resolution adopted by New York City Board of Estimates under the leadership of George McAneny and Edward Bassett, known as the "Father of Zoning." 1917 Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., becomes first president of newly founded American City Planning Institute, forerunner of American Institute of Planners and American Institute of Certified Planners. 1921 New Orleans designates the Vieux Carre Commission, the first historic preservation commission in the US. 1922 Los Angeles County Regional Planning Commission created. First of its kind in the United States. (Hugh Pomeroy, head of staff.) 1922 Inauguration of Regional Plan of New York under Thomas Adams. 1922 Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon. The first decision to hold that a land use restriction constituted a taking. The U.S. Supreme Court (Justice Brandeis dissenting) noted "property may be regulated to a certain extent, [but] if regulation goes too far it will be recognized as a taking," thus acknowledging the principle of a "regulatory taking." OEP Spring Planning & Zoning Conference 2005 2 AROUND THE PLANNING WORLD IN 90 MINUTES 1923 Ground broken for construction of Mariemont, Ohio, in suburban Cincinnati. Mary Emery was its founder and benefactor; John Nolen, the planner. Some of its features (short blocks, mixture of rental and owner- occupied housing) foreshadow the contemporary New Urbanism movement. 1925 Cincinnati, Ohio, becomes first major American city officially to endorse a comprehensive plan. (Alfred Bettman, Ladislas Segoe). 1925 Ernest Burgess's "Concentric Zone" model of urban structure and land use is published. 1925 In April, The American City Planning Institute and The National Conference on City Planning publish Vol. 1, No. 1 of City Planning, and ancestor of present-day Journal of the American Planning Association. 1926 Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty. Constitutionality of zoning upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court. (Case argued by Alfred Bettman.) 1928 U.S. Department of Commerce under Secretary Herbert Hoover issues a Standard City Planning Enabling Act. 1928 Construction of Radburn, New Jersey, begun. Planned community inspired by Howard's Garden City concept and designed by Stein and Wright. A forerunner of the New Deal's Greenbelt towns. 1929 Wisconsin law, first instance of rural zoning, authorized county boards "to regulate, restrict and determine the areas within which agriculture, forestry and recreation may be con- ducted." 1933 Tennessee Valley Authority created to provide for unified and multipurpose rehabilitation and redevelop- ment of the Tennessee Valley, America's most famous experiment in river-basin planning. Senator George Norris of Nebraska fathered idea, and David Lilienthal was its most effective implementer. 1934 American Society of Planning Officials founded, an organization for planners, planning commissioners and planning-related public officials. 1935 Resettlement Administration established under Rexford Tugwell, Roosevelt "braintruster," to carry out ex- periments in land reform and population resettlement. This agency built the three Greenbelt towns (Greenbelt, Maryland; Greendale, Wisconsin; Greenhills, Ohio) forerunners of present day New Towns: Co- lumbia, Maryland; Reston, Virginia; etc.) 1935 The Historic Sites, Buildings and Antiquities Act, a predecessor of the National Historic Preservation Act, passed. Requires the Secretary of the Interior to identify, acquire, and restore qualifying historic sites and properties and calls upon federal agencies to consider preservation needs in their programs and plans. 1937 U.S. Housing Act (Wagner-Steagall). Set the stage for future government aid by appropriating $500 million in loans for low -cost housing. Tied slum clearance to public housing. OEP Spring Planning & Zoning Conference 2005 3 AROUND THE PLANNING WORLD IN 90 MINUTES 1939 Homer Hoyt's influential "sector theory" of urban growth appears in his monograph, “The Structure and Growth of Residential Neighborhoods in American Cities.” 1947 Housing and Home Financing Agency (predecessor of HUD) created to coordinate federal government's various housing programs. 1947 Construction of Park Forest, Illinois, and Levittown, New York, begun. 1949 Housing Act (Wagner-Ellender-Taft Bill). First U.S. comprehensive housing legislation. Aimed to construct about 800,000 units. Inaugurated urban redevelopment program. 1949 The National Trust for Historic Preservation is created and chartered by Congress. 1952 The first “Cite Radieuse” (Radiant City), designed by Le Cor- busier, was inaugurated in Marseille, France. His advanced ideas were dramatically different from the comfortable, low-rise commu- nities proposed by earlier garden city planners. 1954 Housing Act of 1954. Stressed slum prevention and urban renewal rather than slum clearance and urban redevelopment as in the 1949 act. Also stimulated general planning for cities under 25,000 population by provid- ing funds under Section 701 of the act. "701 funding" later extended by legislative amendments to foster statewide, interstate, and substate regional planning. 1956 Congress passes multibillion dollar Federal Aid Highway Act to create interstate highway system linking all state capitals and most cities of 50,000 population or more. 1959 A "Multiple Land Use Classification System" (A. Guttenberg) published in Journal of American Institute of Planners. The first approach to the definition of land-use classifications in multidimensional terms. 1961 “The Death and Life of Great American Cities,” by Jane Jacobs, includes a critique of planning and plan- ners. 1961 Hawaii becomes first state to institute statewide zoning. 1963 Columbia, Maryland, a new town situated about halfway between Washington and Baltimore, featuring some class integration and the neighborhood principle. 1964 In a commencement speech at the University of Michigan, President Lyndon Johnson declares war on pov- erty and urges congressional authorization of many remedial programs, plus the establishment of a cabinet- level Department of Housing and Community Development. 1966 The Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act launched the "model cities" program, an in- terdisciplinary attack on urban blight and poverty. A centerpiece