View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Calhoun, Institutional Archive of the Naval Postgraduate School Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis and Dissertation Collection 2016-12 The muted voice of the Catholic Church in Angola Drewiske, Jeffrey A. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/51683 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS THE MUTED VOICE OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN ANGOLA by Jeffrey A. Drewiske December 2016 Thesis Advisor: Rachel Sigman Second Reader: Diego Esparza Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited. THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704–0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington, DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED (Leave blank) December 2016 Master’s thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS THE MUTED VOICE OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN ANGOLA 6. AUTHOR(S) Jeffrey A. Drewiske 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING Naval Postgraduate School ORGANIZATION REPORT Monterey, CA 93943-5000 NUMBER 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND 10. SPONSORING / ADDRESS(ES) MONITORING AGENCY N/A REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. IRB number ____N/A____. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited. 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) This thesis explores the role of the Catholic Church in Angola and compares it to the influence of the Church in two other former Portuguese colonies: Mozambique and Brazil. More specifically, this thesis asks how the Catholic Church has permeated each society and spread the values and rights pronounced by the Second Vatican Council. Using a comparative case study methodology, this thesis investigates why the influence of the Church, specifically with respect to the development of rights and freedoms, was weaker in Angola than in Brazil and Mozambique despite a common colonial and religious heritage. The analysis suggests that state resistance to international influence, or gatekeeping, is a significant factor in understanding the relationship between transnational actors and civil society, as suggested by the boomerang pattern. Rents from resource revenue enabled Angolan elite to sustain their gatekeeping efforts longer than others. This argument suggests the need to bring together theories of transnational advocacy and the resource curse to better understand when and why transnational actors influence domestic politics. These insights offer potential lessons to policy makers as they search for opportunities to effectively promote liberal democracy and constructively engage states in the developing world. 14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF Catholic Church; Second Vatican Council; boomerang pattern; gatekeeper; human rights PAGES 89 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY 18. SECURITY 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF THIS CLASSIFICATION OF OF ABSTRACT REPORT PAGE ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UU NSN 7540–01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2–89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239–18 i THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ii Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited. THE MUTED VOICE OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN ANGOLA Jeffrey A. Drewiske Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy B.S., United States Naval Academy, 2005 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN SECURITY STUDIES (MIDDLE EAST, SOUTH ASIA, SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA) from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL December 2016 Approved by: Rachel Sigman Thesis Advisor Diego Esparza Second Reader Mohammed Hafez Chair, Department of National Security Affairs iii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iv ABSTRACT This thesis explores the role of the Catholic Church in Angola and compares it to the influence of the Church in two other former Portuguese colonies: Mozambique and Brazil. More specifically, this thesis asks how the Catholic Church has permeated each society and spread the values and rights pronounced by the Second Vatican Council. Using a comparative case study methodology, this thesis investigates why the influence of the Church, specifically with respect to the development of rights and freedoms, was weaker in Angola than in Brazil and Mozambique despite a common colonial and religious heritage. The analysis suggests that state resistance to international influence, or gatekeeping, is a significant factor in understanding the relationship between transnational actors and civil society, as suggested by the boomerang pattern. Rents from resource revenue enabled Angolan elite to sustain their gatekeeping efforts longer than others. This argument suggests the need to bring together theories of transnational advocacy and the resource curse to better understand when and why transnational actors influence domestic politics. These insights offer potential lessons to policy makers as they search for opportunities to effectively promote liberal democracy and constructively engage states in the developing world. v THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................1 A. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH QUESTION ...........................2 B. LITERATURE REVIEW .........................................................................3 1. Catholic Social Teaching ...............................................................4 2. Transnational Advocacy and the Catholic Church ....................7 3. State Sovereignty and Resistance .................................................9 C. HYPOTHESES AND ARGUMENT ......................................................11 D. RESEARCH DESIGN .............................................................................12 E. THESIS OVERVIEW AND CHAPTER OUTLINE ............................13 II. CHURCH EMBEDDEDNESS IN SOCIETY ...................................................15 A. THE PORTUGUESE COLONIAL EMPIRE .......................................16 1. Brazil .............................................................................................17 2. Portuguese Africa.........................................................................20 3. Angola ...........................................................................................22 4. Mozambique .................................................................................29 B. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................34 III. STATE ACTION AND GATEKEEPING .........................................................37 A. BACKGROUND TO CONFLICT .........................................................39 B. THE ROLE OF RESOURCES IN CONFLICT AND GATEKEEPING IN ANGOLA ..............................................................42 C. THE ROLE OF RESOURCES IN CONFLICT AND GATEKEEPING IN MOZAMBIQUE ..................................................48 D. THE ROLE OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN THE PEACE PROCESS IN ANGOLA .........................................................................49 E. THE ROLE OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN THE PEACE PROCESS IN MOZAMBIQUE .............................................................51 F. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................54 IV. CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................57 A. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................57 B. HYPOTHESES EVALUATED ..............................................................58 C. QUESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH ..........................................61 D. RESOURCE CURSE REVISITED ........................................................62 E. RELEVANCE FOR THE U.S. FOREIGN POLICY AND THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE .............................................................64 vii LIST OF REFERENCES ................................................................................................67 INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST ...................................................................................75 viii LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS CCM Christian Council of Mozambique CEAST Episcopal Conference for Angola and Sao Tome CELAM Latin American Bishops Conference CNBB National Conference of Bishops COIEPA Inter-Ecclesiastical Committee for Peace in Angola FNLA National Liberation Front of Angola FRELIMO Mozambican Liberation Front GURN Government of National Unity and Reconciliation IMBISA Inter-Regional Meeting of