(Natrix Natrix) in Switzerland 2013 – 2015 1

(Natrix Natrix) in Switzerland 2013 – 2015 1

Institut de Biologie Rue Emile-Argand 11 CH – 2000 Neuchâtel Maxime Chèvre The contact zone of the grass snake (Natrix natrix) MASTER THESIS in Switzerland under the supervision of Dr. Sylvain Ursenbacher Juin 2015 THE CONTACT ZONE OF THE GRASS SNAKE (NATRIX NATRIX) IN SWITZERLAND 2013 – 2015 1 CONTENTS RÉSUMÉ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 ABSTRACT ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 FIRST PART ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 INTRODUCTION -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 1. Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6 1.1. Species concepts ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 1.1.1. A Taxonomy in crisis? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6 1.1.2. Biological species concept (BSC) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 1.1.3. Phylogenetic species concept (PSC) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 1.1.4. Evolutionary species concept (ESC) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 1.1.5. Emergent concepts---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 1.2. Subspecies concept-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 1.3. The grass snake ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 13 1.4. Hybrid zone and phylogeography of the grass snake subspecies ------------------------------------------------ 14 1.5. The Red Lists --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 1.6. Genetic markers and morphology -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 1.7. Aims of the study ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 PART TWO ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 MATERIALS AND METHODS --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 2. Material and methods ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 2.1. Study area and origin of the samples ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 2.2. Laboratory procedures --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 2.2.1. DNA purification ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 2.2.2. Mitochondrial DNA amplification and sequencing ----------------------------------------------------------- 26 2.2.3. Microsatellites amplification and sequencing ----------------------------------------------------------------- 27 2.3. Genetic data analyses ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 2.3.1. Mitochondrial DNA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 2.3.2. Microsatellites ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 2.4. Morphological data acquisition ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 2.4.1. Criteria selection ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 2.4.2. Morphological measurements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 31 2.4.3. Geometric morphometrics ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 2.5. Morphological data treatments ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33 2.5.1. Univariate analyses ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33 2.5.2. Multivariate analyses ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34 2.5.3. Landmark-based geometric morphometric-------------------------------------------------------------------- 35 2.6. Geographic information system (GIS) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35 PART THREE -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36 RESULTS --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36 3. Results ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37 3.1. Mitochondrial DNA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37 3.2. Microsatellites ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39 3.2.1. Population structure------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 39 3.2.2. Population-based analysis----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42 3.2.3. Relatedness between individuals -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43 3.3. Morpholgy ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 45 3.3.1. Univariate analyses ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45 3.3.2. Multivariate analyse ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 45 3.3.3. Geometric morphometric ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 50 PART FOUR --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52 DISCUSSION ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52 3.4. Gene flow in the contact zone ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53 3.5. Morphology ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58 3.6. Taxonomic reassessment ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 61 3.7. Next Red List of reptiles of Switzerland and conservation implications --------------------------------------- 62 THE CONTACT ZONE OF THE GRASS SNAKE (NATRIX NATRIX) IN SWITZERLAND 2013 – 2015 2 3.8. Perspective ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63 PART FIVE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 66 CONCLUSION ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 66 3.8.1. Acknowledgments -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 69 PART SIX ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 70 BIBLIOGRAPHY ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 70 PART SEVEN -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 76 ANNEXES -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 76 THE CONTACT ZONE OF THE GRASS SNAKE (NATRIX NATRIX) IN SWITZERLAND 2013 – 2015 3 Résumé Actuellement, deux sous-espèces de couleuvre à collier sont reconnues en Suisse : Natrix natrix natrix présente au nord-est de la Suisse et Natrix natrix helvetica présente dans le reste du territoire. La première est classée « en danger » selon la Liste Rouge tandis que la seconde appartient à la catégorie « vulnérable ». Dans la Liste Rouge des reptiles de Suisse 2005, l’utilisation de l’unité infraspécifique «sous-espèce » a été retenue pour cette espèce, se basant exclusivement sur des données morphologiques. De récentes études génétiques basées sur des gènes mitochondriaux suggèrent que ces deux sous- espèces se seraient séparées il y a 7 millions d’années déjà. Cette séparation, certes ancienne, ne les a pas conduites à évoluer de manière à présenter des différences morphologiques importantes qui permettraient une identification facile et assurée de la sous-espèce. Cependant, nos connaissances actuelles concernant la morphologie de l’espèce datent des années 1970-1980 et sont relativement peu approfondies pour la Suisse. Afin de réévaluer

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