Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85934-9 - Japanese Society at War: Death, Memory and the Russo-Japanese War Naoko Shimazu Index More information Index 203 Metre Hill (China), 112, 276, 277–8 Asakusa heiin irō gikai (Asakusa Association of the Recognition of Services of Abe, Isoo (1865–1949) Soldiers), 137–8 and anti-war movement, 37–8 Asian Continent, journeys to, 77–84 Aikoku fujinkai (Patriotic Ladies Association of Shinto Shrines, 226–8, Association), 10–11, 63, 68–9, 127, Association for Socialism, 35–6 201–2, 205 Azumaya, Rakuen (naniwabushi performer), activities, 236–7 219–20 precursors, 170 roles, 131–3 Baltic Fleet, 239–40 Ainu peoples, 82–4 banjin (natives), use of term, 82–4 ajia shugi (Asianism), 159–60 bankokuki (flags), 17–19 Akegarasu, Haya (1877–1967), 65 banzai, 44–5, 48–9, 63–4, 65, 68 Akiyama, Saneyuki (1868–1918), 203–5, origin of term, 65 274–5, 277–8, 279–80 at pageants, 210, 211 Akiyama, Teisuke, 34–5 psychological effects, 70–1 Akiyama, Yoshifuru (1859–1930), 274–5, use of term, 17 277–8, 279–80 battlefield death, 106–14 Alekseev, Mikhail (1857–1918), 17, depictions, 109–10 214–15 and loneliness, 110–11 American Red Cross Society, 170 soldiers’ writings on, 112 amulets, 105–6 see also war death Andō, Tadao (1941– ), 279–80 battlefield souvenirs, 88–9 Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902), 214–15 bilderbogen (prints), 217–18 anti-war movement, 21, 31–43 Bloody Sunday (Russia) (1905), 35–6 Arakawa, Shōji, 70–1, 98 Boshin Rescript (1908), 53–4, 281–2 architecture Boxer Uprising (1900), 14, 27–8, 60, 63 Chinese, , 81–2 and provisions, 90–2 Russian, , 81–2 and Red Cross Society, 169 Ariga, Nagao (1860–1921), 162–3, 175–6 bravery, Japanese admiration for, 107–8 Arima, Seiho, 206–7, 209–10, 225 see also war heroes Armistice Day, 230 Britain Army Burial Ground (rikugun maisōchi), attitudes towards Japan, 2–3 143–4 British, 215–18 Army Day (Rikugun no hi), 231, 240, 251 naval pageantry, 231–2 celebrations, 233–4, 236–7 brothels (comfort houses), 38–9, 97 Army Officers Club, 233–4 near front lines, 90 Army Toyama School Band, 237–8 Buddhism artists, war depictions, 41–2 Buddhist chaplains, , 94–5 Asai, Yoshiji (soldier), life at the front, funerals, 129–30 87–8 memorial services, 115 317 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85934-9 - Japanese Society at War: Death, Memory and the Russo-Japanese War Naoko Shimazu Index More information 318 Index Buddhism (cont.) Chihō kairyō undō (Local Improvement Nichiren, 226–8, Movement), 53–4 rituals, 131–3, 148–9 children, 235–6 temples, 137–9, 176–7 as future fighters (shōkokumin), 261–2 vs. Shinto, 133–4 Children’s Event, 235–6 see also Jōdo shinshū (True Pure Land China/Chinese people, 4–5 Buddhism), Sōtō Zen Buddhism filth in, 77–81 Bungo Taketa (Japan), 206–7, 225, 226 Japanese views of, 83–4 Taketa Junior School, 225–6 pejorative images of, 79–81 Tokiwa Park, 208–9 chinzasai (ceremony of the establishment burials, 124–5 of the shrine), 225–6 war dead, 114 Chokugen (Direct Voice, newspaper), 35–6, see also cremations 40–1 Burton Holmes, E. (1870–1958), 26–7 Christians bushi mono (warrior stories), 199, 230 and anti-war movement, 33–4, 37–8 bushidō (way of the warrior), values, 187 missionaries, 94–5 see also Nitobe, Inazō prayers, 105 Roman Catholic Church, , 186–7 call-up Unitarians, 37–8 ambivalence, 59–60 see also Russian Orthodox Church, issues, 58 chrysanthemum dolls, 17–19 soldiers, 58–61 cinemas see also conscription admission costs, 30 Call-up, The (1932) (film), 235, 253 Cinema Control Committee, 256–7 camaraderie, idealised notion of, 100–1 Cinema Education Central Committee, celebrations, 44–7 (victory), 237–8 256–7 see also centennial celebrations, lantern growth of, 27–8 parades cinematography, 21, 51–2 Cenotaph (UK), 143 early, 27–8 censorship, 38–9 invention, 27–8 and photography, 26–7 see also film industry, war war films, 256 cinematography and war imagery, 22–3 civilisation (bunmei), 14–15, 157–8 centennial celebrations, 264–6, civilised states (bunmeikoku), 14–15, benefits, 267 157–8, 195 and local identity, 266 concept of, 158 and mass media, 267 definitions, 163 newspaper coverage, 267–9 discourse (bunmeiron),158–60, 161, 167 and Yasukuni Shrine, 270–1 enlightenment and (bunmei kaika), 81–2, ceremonies 157–8 homecoming, 119–21 and Japanese people, 158–9 unveiling, 209–10 standard of, 158 see also farewells use of term, 195 for war dead, 115, 131–3 Western, 159–60 war memorials, 259 civilised conduct, concept of, 195–6 see also farewell ceremonies, shōkonsai collaborators (ceremony for war dead) roles, 11–12 chaplains, 94–5, 129–30 use of term, 11–12 sermons, 96 commemoration, 10 Shinto, 134–5 commemorative activities, 232 Checkland, Olive (1920–2004), in cities, 259 175–6 commemorative days, 231 Chemulpo (Korea), 78–9 commemorative exhibitions, and filth in, 79 newspapers, 238–9 see also Inchon (Korea) commemorative souvenirs, 131–3 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85934-9 - Japanese Society at War: Death, Memory and the Russo-Japanese War Naoko Shimazu Index More information Index 319 commemoration films (kinen eiga), 251–2 dead commemoration industry, 258–9 memorials to, 113–14 use of term, 231–2 souls of, 106 navy, 239–40 see also war dead see also war commemoration dead bodies Commercial Association for Japan identification, 124–5 Department Stores, 248 reactions to, 108–9, 112 commercialization, of war, 22–3 reburying, 112–13 Committee to Commemorate Admiral Russian soldiers, 113 Tōgo, 226–8, smell of, 113–14 Committee to Construct the Statue for Naval death Commander Hirose, 209–10 attitudes towards, 9–10, 87 conscription of friends, 111–12 avoidance, 55–6 and loneliness, 110–11 blood tax, 55–6 perceptions of, 109–10 films, 253 see also battlefield death, meiyo no senshi revisions, 55–6 (honourable war death), war death as service to the state, 98–9 department stores, and exhibitions, 243, see also call-up 244–5, 248 conscripts, 38–9 Dickinson, Frederick, 230 camaraderie, idealised notion of, , 100–1 diet, soldiers’, 90–2 desertion, , 39 see also food diaries, , 9, 280–1 diplomacy education, 55–6 and humanitarianism, 158–9 and family dissolution, 40 multi-track, 264–5 and home, 86–7 Dmowski, Roman (1864–1939), 186–7 and kokumin, 281 see also Poles local identity, 58, 118, 281 documentaries motivation, 102 vs. dramatisations, 30–1 national identity, 58 vs. narratives, 30–1 personal materials, 94, 118, 280–1 Doihara, Michita (military surgeon), 90–2, punishment (shitekiseisai), 93–4 99–100, 123–4 and samurai values, 86–7 dojin (natives), 77–9, sense of duty, 281 confiscation of food from, 92–3 sense of survival, 104–5 origin of term, 82–4 treatment of, 93–4 as pejorative term, 82–4 vs. prisoners of war, 195 Douglas, Mary (1921–2007), Purity and see also soldiers Danger (1966), 81 consolation bags (imonbukuro), 89 drama consumerism ballad (gidayū), 116 mass, 258–9 period (jidaigeki), 249, 250 and war popularisation, 231–2 duty, sense of (gimu), 9–10, 102, 281 cremations, 113–14 Japanese method, 124–5 Edgerton, David, 14 officers vs. other ranks, 124–5 Edo period (1600–1867), 74, 129–30, see also burials 154–5, 218–19 cultural history education modern vs. tradition interpretations, and patriotism, 200 259–60 popular, 256 First World War, 259–60 and Yasukuni Shrine, 153–4 see also social education Daimaru (department store), 244 Egawa, Tatsuya (1961– ), Tale of the Dalian (China), 77–8, 81–2 Russo-Japanese War, 271–2 datsu-A (escape Asia), 159–60 Egypt, nationalism, 4 Dawson, Graham, 236 Ehime Prefecture (Japan), 190–2 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85934-9 - Japanese Society at War: Death, Memory and the Russo-Japanese War Naoko Shimazu Index More information 320 Index Eleventh Division, 176–7 families elites bereaved, 41–2, 145, 152 cultural, 40–1 dissolution, 40 intellectual, 88–9 income from honourable war deaths, Meiji, 99 125–7 see also local elites soldiers’, 109–10 Emi, Suiin (1869–1934), ‘The God of War: farewells Commander Hirose’ (1904), 207–8 ceremonies, 61–71, 84–5 emperor, loyalty to, 84–5, 98–9, 145 effects on soldiers, 70–1 see also loyalty phases of, 70 Endō,Shūsaku (1923–1996), 224 females enemies mobilisation, 66–8 attitudes towards, 157–95 patriotic associations, 64 ensen (war weariness), 14, 19, 31–2, 33–4 postcards of, 89–90 determinants, 38–9 suffering, 39–40 ensenshi war-weary poetry, 40–1 in war films, 251–2 enshrinement of Kami, 150, 154 wartime roles, 63, 96 concept of, 153 film industry eligibility, 149–51 collaborations, 257 war dead, 153 government control of, 256–7 see also Yasukuni Shrine and social education, 256 entertainment, 211 see also cinematography at ceremonies for the war dead, 116 films, 232, 249–58 at exhibitions, 241–2 benshi (narrator), , 28–9 Germany, 250 in cities, 259 oral, 22, 88–9 commemoration, 251–2 at shrines, 151–2 left-leaning, 249 yokyō,,117, 133 masculinity in, 252–3 ethics textbooks (Shūshin), 153–4 presentation, 28–9 exhibitions, 232, 235, 241–8, 264–5, 270–1 representations of Hirose in, 223–4 boom period, 246 topical, 258 in cities, 259 traditional period dramas, 249 commemorative, 238–9 see also war films and department stores, 243, filth 244–5, 248 and Chinese people, 78 entertainment at, 241–2 as disorder, 81 Exhibition of the Sea and the Sky in Korea, 78–81, (1930), 241 soldiers’ concern with, 79–81 Field-Marshall Ōyama Iwao First Hague Conference (1899), 168–9, Exhibition, , 235 182–4 General Nogi and the Fall of Port Arthur First