31 World Heritage papers3 Community Development through World Heritage World through Development Community Community development through World Heritage papers Community Development through World Heritage Edited by M.-T. Albert, M. Richon, M. J. Viñals and A. Witcomb Published by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France in collaboration with the European Commission, Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus and Deakin University (Melbourne). © UNESCO 2012 All rights reserved. ISBN: 978-92-3-001024-9 Printed by Universitat Politècnica de València Spain World Heritage Centre UNESCO 7, place de Fontenoy 75352 Paris 07 SP France Tel: 33 (0) 1 45 68 15 71 Fax: 33 (0) 1 45 68 55 70 Website: http://whc.unesco.org Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The authors are responsible for the choice and the presentation of the facts contained in this book and for the opin- ions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. Cover photo Interpreting Aboriginal Rock Art at Kakadu National Park (Australia) © UNESCO Marielle Richon Editors Marie-Theres Albert- Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus (Germany) Marielle Richon – UNESCO World Heritage Centre Marie José Viñals – Universitat Politècnica de València (Spain) Andrea Witcomb – Deakin University (Australia) Copy-editor and reviewer Caroline Lawrence Coordination of the World Heritage Papers Series Vesna Vujicic-Lugassy, UNESCO World Heritage Centre Coordination for this volume, Mireia Alsonso Monasterio, Universitat Politècnica de València Scientific Peer Review Committee The editors of this book were supported by an independent Scientific Peer Review Committee composed of recog- nized experts in the field of heritage research. We therefore wish to thank: Prof. David Dolan, Prof. Peter Howard, Prof. Jukka Jokilehto, Prof. Fiona Maclean, Dr. Britta Rudolf, Prof. Nicholas Stanley-Price and Prof. Susanne von der Heide. The Committee reviewed, evaluated, ranked and rated research papers based on the procedures and guidelines established by UNESCO and in a manner that gives due consideration to the scientific and ethical implications of the research. Contents Foreword Page 5 Kishore Rao Introduction Page 6 The editors Impact of international designation on local communities Page 9 World Heritage and globalization: UNESCO’s contribution to the development of global ethics Page 11 Bernd von Droste World Heritage sites and indigenous communities: the importance of adopting a human rights-based approach Page 16 Stefan Disko Partners in site management. A shift in focus: heritage and community involvement Page 27 Mechtild Rössler Perspectives of World Heritage: towards future-oriented strategies with the five ‘Cs’ Page 32 Marie-Theres Albert Challenges of tourism for communities 2 Page 39 Heritage, tourism and local community interactions within the framework of site management Page 40 María José Viñals and Maryland Morant Tourism and the perceptions of local communities: case study of the World Heritage site of the Page 48 Historic City of Ayutthaya (Thailand) Russell Staiff and Somyot Ongkhluap Internet applications for strategic communication, tourism and local communities in relation to heritage Page 54 Lola Teruel and María José Viñals Appropriation of World Heritage values by communities 3 Page 61 Tensions between World Heritage and local values: the case of Fremantle Prison (Australia) Page 62 Andrea Witcomb Kakadu and Edenic idealization Page 69 Jennifer Harris The local-global nexus in the politics of World Heritage: space for community development? Page 77 Naomi Deegan Models of best practice for communities 4 Page 85 Protected areas and rural livelihoods: the case of a World Heritage site in Western Uganda Page 86 James Ilukol Okware and Claire Cave Managing World Heritage sites as a tool for development in Ethiopia: the need for sustainable tourism in Lalibela Page 93 Elene Negussie and Getu Assefa Wondimu Poverty alleviaton through World Heritage conservation: encouraging corporate partnerships at Temple of Preah Khan, Angkor Page 100 Fiona Starr Epilogue Page 107 Marielle Richon Author biodata Page 111 Foreword Sharing Our Heritages (SOH) was a unique experience made possible thanks to the Government of Australia and the European Union. It was not only exceptional for the faculty and students who participated in this 3-year programme (2006-2008), but also for the World Heritage sites where it was implemented (Kakadu National Park in Australia, and Paris, Banks of the Seine and The Loire Valley between Sully-sur-Loire and Chalonnes in France) and for the UNESCO World Heritage Centre (WHC) itself. Indeed, the concept of Master Class which was the added value of the SOH programme allowed a number of WHC colleagues to deliver first-hand experience to 90 motivated young talented students who are now involved in World Heritage sites management in their respective countries in the European Union and Australia. The interaction of WHC specialists with the students proved to be a stimulating and challenging environment. lt allowed specialists to explain details of the World Heritage machinery through their own everyday experience and perception while also allowing students to raise questions directly to specialists, thus lifting ambiguities and doubts and building a clear vision of how to use the World Heritage mechanisms in their future careers. SOH participants realized through this experience that the fifth “C”, for Community, adopted by the World Heritage Committee in 2007 at its 31st session in Christchurch, New Zealand, is a crucial and complementary element to the “Four Cs”, Credibility, Conservation, Capacity-Building and Communication adopted as strategic objectives of the World Heritage Convention in the Budapest Declaration in 2002. Community is an overarching element of the strategy, which every World Heritage site manager should bear in mind when interacting with the various stakeholders living or working in or around sites. This is also the reason for selecting the theme ‘World Heritage and Sustainable Development: The Role of Local Communities’ for the celebration of the 40th Anniversary of the World Heritage Convention (1972-2012). This publication dedicated to Community Development through World Heritage will help the SOH programme results to be shared more widely in the World Heritage global community for the benefit of the World Heritage sites themselves. It offers an illustration of how local communities can make a positive difference in the sustainable management of World Heritage properties. Kishore Rao Director of the UNESCO World Heritage Centre 5 Introduction Community Development through World Heritage is a direct outcome of the international student exchange programme Sharing Our Heritages, which was sponsored by the Australian Government and the European Union. The programme involved students and lecturers in 2005–2008 from Charles Darwin University (CDU), Curtin University of Technology (CUT), Deakin University (DU), Melbourne, and the University of Western Sydney (UWS), in Australia; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Raymond Lemaire International Centre for Conservation (RLICC), Belgium; University College Dublin (UCD), Ireland; Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Spain; and Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus (BTU), Germany. The project concluded with a major conference on the theme of ‘Sharing Our Heritages (SOH): New Challenges for Conserving and Protecting Sites and for Managing Tourism’, which took place at the UPV in February 2008. All in all, the programme’s goal was to make the heritage of humanity, particularly its identity-building significance and its potential for community development, relevant and usable especially to young university students. This publication has the same aim, although insights are offered into more detailed findings. As expressed in the title, heritage plays an important role in community development, and here it is understood as a cultural construct, which – if it is to be used to create identity – needs to be more than simply conserved. Its relevance needs to be communicated in the present so that it may continue into the future. An important aspect of this is the use of heritage and its preservation for socio-economic development worldwide, an aim that is explicitly part of the World Heritage Convention. To achieve this however, the Convention has to be interpreted as an instrument of development policy, and its implementation in this direction needs to be accelerated. It is to this end that the World Heritage Committee has developed a set of five Strategic Objectives, the five ‘Cs’ (Credibility, Conservation, Capacity-building, Communication and Communities) to support the Convention. These objectives make it clear that heritage is not simply something handed down from the past, but is a process that must be actively constructed and maintained in the present if it is to have any sustainable future. The structure and content of this publication reflect these intentions. The first part – Impact of international designation on local communities – offers