Communication and Surveillance in India - Sher Shah Sur’s Regime (1540-1545 A.D) * Rukhsana Iftikhar Abstract “East is east, and west is west; and never the twain shall meet.” (Rudyard Kipling) The West and East have different cultures in the technological development in transportation and communication. These two meet so frequently in international setting but east encounters communication difficulties, breakdowns, misunderstandings, even conflict and confrontation because they fail to understand each other in intercultural communicates. Western idea of low-context communication, individualism, hierarchy and assertiveness portray the image of eastern societies as static and undeveloped. In this regard popular opinion from the side of west is that oriental despotism was a hurdle in the development of means of communications in oriental societies. This paper explores the misconceptions that east had no idea of transportation and communication. Even the postal system was the invention of the west. In medieval India, Sher Shah made a serious effort for effective system of communication. This paper also highlights the means of communication which provide a strong profile to Sher Shah Suri in the history of medieval kings. His policies made him 196 Pakistan Vision Vol. 17 No. 2 an ordinary oriental despot or a reformer as his foe (Nasir-ud-din Humayun, the Mughal King( 1530-1555) gave tribute to him as Usta-a-Badshahan (Teacher of kings)1 Introduction Several historians have noted that traditional Indian sources considered the issue of intelligence and political communication in a considerable detail. Abu Raihan Alburni (1017) explains, long roads were a pre-requisite for the conduct of wide trade in North India. He mentioned two roads to the North West. One leads to Kashmir through Shirsharaha and Dahmala (capital of Jalandar) terminating at RajKiri. The other led to Ghazni (Afgahnistan) through Panipat, Jehlum and Kabul. A third road ran from Qanauj via Ahilwara (Patna) and Bazama (capital of Gujrat) to Somnath. A road pled to Multan from Bazama and it connects with Loharani (Karachi).2 Indian concepts of surveillance, spying and information collection survived from the days of Arthashastra. Road signs are an important form of communication known as mass communication. Emperor Asoka (304-232BCE) ordered that stone pillars be posted along the royal road, 1700 miles long (2736 KM) trade route that ran from the Middle Eastern city of Susa to Northern India. He used these pillars for the propagation of the faith and direction for the travelers. He urged travelers to obey laws and to be a good citizen.3 The Sultans of Delhi (1206- 1526) developed Chawki system as Ibn Battuta (1304-1369) indicated that the Chawaki system was very effective. He narrated travel on some roads was not safe. It appeared from his account that the supply of diverse commodities from different places to the main Emporia remained uninterrupted. Copper and horses imported through the port of Deccan were traded in the interior for cloth, wheat, millet and pluses.4 The great importance of communication and surveillance for Indian kingship was the reflection of social complexity. Despite the great size of Indian region, It was informatively a rich society, large proportion of the population travelled through distances in Communication and Surveillance in India- Sher Shah Sur’s Regime 197 connections with marriages, pilgrimage and network of trade and marketing. From 16th century groups of pilgrims as large as 100,000 travelled huge distances from central and south India to attend the religious ceremonies around river Ganga. Money was generally used in these networks from 13th century to onward. The variety of local coinages did not imply a lack of economic integration. Flow of written communication between merchants was to collect information about the prices o different commodities. They were also aware of the general incidents occurred into a particular areas. Even the physical means of transportation were more developed at least during dry seasons. The people of north India used a variety of fast wheeled transport by using camels, ponies and horses.5 There were more than 200,000 river boatmen on the route between Delhi and Bengal alone in the twilight of the Mughals. Social communication was proportionately dense. All the great Indian states attempted to foster and organize these extensive news works through fast runners and intelligence gatherers Harkaras and Qasids (Arabic version of the runners), along with the provision of mints or of rest houses (Sarais) for the merchants were established were sources of information. The smooth functioning and protection of runner- this system was itself an important manifestation of successful kingship. 6 Merchants had their own professional knowledge; account books attained a pattern that was common to the most part of India by 17th century. Even the individual merchants groups and families within them employed different types of merchants’ short term and argot (mahajani) which cloaked their secrets. Traveling of Sufi mystic and Hindu religious head ascetics on pilgrimage carried large quantities of information. This network was not sound. Public knowledge was dense but the lines of communication which brought it were fragmented. So kings positioned new-writers and spies carefully, to tie togather bundles of information from different cultural networks to pass them to center, imperial cities or camps. 198 Pakistan Vision Vol. 17 No. 2 The formal structure has often been described. Imperial news-writers (Waqya nawis) collected and processed the information. The information collected by the news writer placed in every district throughout the empire. These men wrote regular reports on the works of the officials and local magnates, plunders and malefactors occasionally on the affairs of merchants. They gathered materials from maintained sets of secret agents and writers (Kufia Nawis) who could act as a check on the other writers and postal officials.7 Mughal Empire (1526-1857) was considered to be one of the strongest empires of the time. It had a sound system of communication which was developed by the kings of the realm. Zahir-ud-din Babur (1526-1530) laid the foundation of system of communication by constructing Char-Dwaris. They served more like Agra to Kabul to erect a tower 12 Qaris (yard) high with a char-dari on the top of every 9th kuroh. At the distance of 18 kuroh , a yamb ( six post horses were kept), an agreement was made for payment of post-masters as well as for the horse's corn.8 Communication and Surveillance in India- Sher Shah Sur’s Regime 199 Sher Shah Suri was a great reformer and administrator. He adopted various means to improve the communication system in India i-e construction of roads and Serias. He appointed his trustworthy persons as the in charge of Serias. Sher Shah effectively improved the postal system through swift horses. He made an attempt to de-centralize the administrative system by empowering the governors. Sher Shah also reformed this administrative system. He ordered to construct the Grand Turnk road from Attock to Sonargaon (East Bengal) which became the eastern terminus. One of the main roads stretched from Sonargaon to Hazro in Punjab, another from Agra to Burhanpur, third from Agra to Jodhpur and Chittor, fourth from Lahore to Multan. Sher Shah also shortened the route between Agra to Delhi by cutting a new road through the fores, formerly travelers travelled to Delhi by the road ran through Doab"9 The grand Trunk road become a sign of development in India as "And now we come to the big road......the great road which is the backbone of Hind.....all castes and all kinds of men move here. Look! Brahmins and chumars, banker and thinkers, barbers and banias, pilgrims and potters-----all the world going and coming. And truly the grand trunk road is a wonderful spectacle. It runs straight bearing without crowding India's traffic for fifteen hundred miles ---------such a river of life as nowhere exist in the world."10 Rudyard Kipling,(Kim) Sher Shah issued orders to construct the Grand Trunk road from Attock to Delhi. This highway ran northward by the way of modern Narayangunj within the bounds of which is to found Chah Sarai ( inn with a well) and a railway crossing known as Chashara. Then this road struck to north of Dacca through the Bhowal Zamindari to Sherpur Atiya; this road led to shahzadpur across the Karetya (Mymen singh district) ultimately end on Bogra. From Sherpur this road probably connect with the Rajshahi district to Gaur. This road followed the site of Rajmahal (bank of river 200 Pakistan Vision Vol. 17 No. 2 Ganga) the older road of Ghari to Bihar.11 Sher Shah acted on the theory of local responsibility for the protection of the roads from thieves and highways from robbers. Abbas Khan Sherwani records a regulation in this context: “For the protection and safety of the roads from the molestation of the thieves and robbers etc. rules were framed as follows. He strictly ordered his governors that if a robbery occurred in his kingdom and the culprit was not detected whatever the thief and highway robber might have robbed would have to be compensated by the Muqqadam (village head) of the place of occurrence and it would have occurred in such a place the jurisdiction of which was not known then the Muqqadam of the surrounding villages should be arrested and compelled to pay the restitution. If after the payment of fine the Muqqadam produced the thief and the robber and showed their hunting places, the Muqqadam of the village where the offender lived was liable to pay the amount taken as restitution previously from them. The thief and the robber should be punished severely in accordance with the holy religious law.