Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2012 Constructing wilderness: the nexus of preservation and ocean-space in the United States Ryan Orgera Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Orgera, Ryan, "Constructing wilderness: the nexus of preservation and ocean-space in the United States" (2012). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 792. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/792 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. CONSTRUCTING WILDERNESS: THE NEXUS OF PRESERVATION AND OCEAN-SPACE IN THE UNITED STATES A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Geography & Anthropology by Ryan Orgera B.A., University of South Florida, 2005 M.A., University of South Florida, 2007 December 2012 Pour Mélanie, sans toi, je n’aurais jamais atteint la fin de cette aventure. Pour Jacques Cousteau, sans lui, je ne connaîtrais guère l’océan. Per la mia famiglia For Carrie, Ronnie, and Wayne ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I would like to thank my adviser Craig Colten for his guidance through this process. This has been an invaluable learning experience, and I am grateful for his role in my graduate studies. He has always offered me absolute generosity with his time, and this is in large part why I am here today. His dedication to research and quality is an enviable trait that I greatly admire. I would like to also thank my committee members: Margaret Reams, Kent Mathewson, and Andrew Sluyter for their thoughtful input into my dissertation and education. I very much appreciate my adviser’s and committee’s cooperation with my timing during this dissertation process. Second, I would like to thank the Department of Geography and Anthropology for its supportive environment; these thanks are especially extended to Patrick Hesp, Andrew Joyner, Melanie Gall, David Chicoine, Helen Regis, Cory Sills, Amy Potter, Alexandra Giancarlo, Dana Sanders, Phillip Schmutz, Barry Keim, and Kevin Robbins. Thank you to John Anderson and the LSU Cartographic Information Center for providing maps, support, advice, and employment. I would also like to thank the Department of French Studies for its important role in my success at LSU; these thanks are especially extended to Cathy Luquette, Greg Stone, Kate Jensen, John Protevi, Todd Jacob, Sylvie Dubois, Jack Yeager, Rosemary Peters, Rachel Rodriguez-Morales, and Adelaide Russo. I too owe thanks to the Department of Environmental Sciences, and especially the guidance and education from Margaret Reams and Michael Wascom. Third, I could not have finished this degree if it were not for the love and support from my Hearthstone family: Melanie, Aaron, and Carrie. Nor could I have finished without the undying support of my political soul mate, Wayne. Fourth, I am greatly indebted to the LSU community for its continued support and the repeated presentation of unique experiences. I would like to especially thank Katy Provenzale and Maribel Dietz iii for an unforgettable summer in Italy and our ensuing friendships. I would like to express my gratitude for support from: Graziela Hesp, Rick Moreland, Susan Moreland, Rachel Hall, Dustin Howes, Laura Moyer, Ray Chastain, and Ms. Barbara Anderson. There are others whom I have not mentioned here, and I wish to thank you for your conversations in the hall, advice, and friendship. Fifth, I will forever be indebted to Louisiana Sea Grant and especially David Nieland for their steadfast support and nomination for the Dean John A. Knauss Marine Policy Fellowship. Sixth, I have to thank my sisters: Alexis for her ability to rationalize life’s conundrums, supply me with words, and for rising to the occasion to help; Kendal for her ability to make me smile, for her passion for all things just, and for her too rising to the occasion to lend a hand. I also must thank my parents for their support, love, generosity, and model for strength and compassion. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................................................. iii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................................... x CHAPTER 1—AN INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTING MARINE WILDERNESS ............................................. 1 METHODS .................................................................................................................................................. 3 WILDERNESS SPACE AND OCEAN-SPACE IN GEOGRAPHIC TRADITION .................................................... 7 GEOGRAPHY AND WILDERNESS .............................................................................................................. 10 GEOGRAPHY AND OCEAN ....................................................................................................................... 20 FEDERAL COASTAL/MARINE LEGAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................................. 32 CHAPTER 2—THE WILDERNESS ACT AND THE OCEAN ............................................................................... 40 THE JOURNEY TO BILL-HOOD: WILDERNESS ACT OF 1964 ..................................................................... 43 ANALYSIS OF THE WILDERNESS ACT ....................................................................................................... 47 HEARINGS ON THE WILDERNESS ACT 1957-1964 ................................................................................... 61 THE GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE WILDERNESS ACT COMMITTEES .......................................... 65 THE WILDERNESS ACT & OCEAN-SPACE: CONCLUDING THOUGHTS ...................................................... 76 CHAPTER 3—WILDERNESS AGENCIES & OCEAN-SPACE: THE U.S. FOREST SERVICE .................................. 78 STATUTORY WILDERNESS MANAGERS ................................................................................................... 79 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE (USDA) ................................................................................................ 82 U.S. FOREST SERVICE ............................................................................................................................... 86 FOREST SERVICE MAPS ......................................................................................................................... 108 COASTAL WILDERNESS & THE FOREST SERVICE: CONCLUDING THOUGHTS ........................................ 116 CHAPTER 4—WILDERNESS-OCEAN INTERFACE ........................................................................................ 118 THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ................................................................................................... 118 BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT ........................................................................................................ 121 NPS AND FWS: THE MARINE-ENGAGED WILDERNESS AGENCIES ........................................................ 125 NATIONAL PARK SERVICE ...................................................................................................................... 127 THE U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE .................................................................................................. 139 THE AMERICAN PERIOD OF COASTAL WILDERNESS DESIGNATION ..................................................... 146 v CONCLUSIONS ON D.O.I. COASTAL WILDERNESS ................................................................................. 151 CHAPTER 5—THE UNITED STATES’ OCEAN PROTECTION SCHEMATICS ................................................... 152 MARINE PROTECTION, RESEARCH, AND SANCTUARIES ACT OF 1972 (MPRSA) ................................... 152 HEARINGS ON MARINE SANCTUARIES .................................................................................................. 165 THE SPATIAL FRAMEWORK OF THE NATIONAL MARINE SANCTUARIES TODAY ................................... 169 THE NATIONAL MONUMENT AS A MARINE PROTECTED AREA (MPA) ................................................. 181 THE TRULY MARINE NATIONAL MONUMENTS ..................................................................................... 189 THE MUDDLED AND SCARCELY-PROTECTED OCEANS .......................................................................... 195 CHAPTER 6—OCEAN-WILDERNESS CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................... 197 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................................................................................................