THE PHONOLOGY OF THE VERBAL PHRASE IN HINDKO submitted by ELAHI BAKHSH AKHTAR AWAN FOR THE AWARD OF A DEGREE OF Ph.D. at the UNIVERSITY OF LONDON 1974 ProQuest Number: 10672820 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10672820 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 acknowledgment I wish to express my profound sense of gratitude and indebtedness to my supervisor Dr. R.K. Sprigg. But for his advice, suggestions, constructive criticism and above all unfailing kind­ ness at all times this thesis could not have been completed. In addition, I must thank my wife Riaz Begum for her help and encouragement during the many months of preparation. CONTENTS Introduction i Chapter I Value of symbols used in this thesis 1 1 .00 Introductory 1 1.10 I.P.A. Symbols 1 1.11 Other symbols 2 Chapter II The Verbal Phrase and the Verbal Word 6 2.00 Introductory 6 2.01 The Sentence 6 2.02 The Phrase 6 2.10 The Verbal Phra.se 7 2.11 Delimiting the Verbal Phrase 7 2.12 Place of the Verbal Phrase 7 2.121 - Exceptions 8 2.1211 Sentence without the Verbal Phrase 8 2.1212 Sentence in which a non-verbal phrase or phrases follow the final Verbal Phrase 8 2.13 The constituents of the Verbal Phrase 9 2.131 One-word phrase 10 2.132 Two-word phrase 10 2.133 Three-word phrase 10 2.2 Criteria for delimiting the Word 11 2.21 Inter-Word Junction 12 2.211 Criteria of word initial features 13 2.2111 Glottal friction 13 2.2112 Occlusion combined with Tone 1 13 2.212 Criteria of word-final features 14 2.2121 Criteria drawn from combination of features 14 2.2122 Pause 17 2.2123 Criteria drawn from both syllables of the Junction 17 2.21231 Criterion based on syntagmatic relation­ ship between vowels 18 2.22 Intra-word Junction 18 2.221 Criterion of length in consonants 18 2.3 Criteria for establishing the Verbal Word 19 2.31 Classification of the Verbal Word 20 2.311 Main Verb 20 2.312 Operator Verb 20 2.313 Auxiliary Verb 21 Chapter III Tone 23 3.00 Introductory 23 3.10 Tonal System 28 3.11 The phonetic exponents of the Tonal System 29 3.111 Phonetic exponents of the T1 29 3.1111 Pitch features 29 3.11111 Exponents relating to the F term of the Intonation System 29 3.11112 Exponents relating to the H term of the Intonation System 31 3.11113 Exponents relating to the L term of the Intonation System 32 3.1112 Phonation 34 3.11121 Criterion • 34 3.1113 Phrase-initial features 35 3.112 Phonetic exponents of the T2 35 3.1121 Pitch features 35 3.11211 Exponents relating to the F term of the Intonation System 35 3.11212 Exponents relating to the H term of the Intonation System 37 3.11213 Exponents relating to the L term of the Intonation System 38 3.1122 Phonation 40 3.11221 Criterion 40 3.1123 Phrase-initial features 41 Chapter- IV Intonation 42 4.00 Introductory 42 4.10 Intonation System 45 4.11 Phonetic exponents of the terms of the Intonation System 45 4.111 Phonetic exponents of the tJ 45 4.112 Phonetic exponents of the U 47 4.1121 Sub-System 55 4.11211 Phonetic exponents of the terms of the Sub-System 55 4.112111 Phonetic exponents of the F p5 4.112112 u it it H 50 4.112113 » ” x L 57 Chapter V The Verb-initial 58 5.00 Introductory 58 5.10 Initial System; 59 5.1:1 Phonetic exponents of p 60 5-111 h/E System 60 5.1111 Phonetic exponents of h 61 5.1112 tt 11 11 £[ 62 5.112 v/v System 63 5.1121 Phonetic exponents of v 63 5.1122 11 11 II y 63 5.113 Relationship between the terms of the h/h and v/v Systems 64, 5.12 Phonetic exponents of p 67 5.13 , Syntagmatic relationship between the initial consonant and certain qualities of vowel 67 5.22 Phonematic Systems (Syllable initial) 69 5.221- Phonematic C- System for p(h, v, Ev) 70 ,5.222 ii . i i it p 72 Chapter VI The,Verb-root Final 73 6.00 Introductory 73 6,10 Final System 74 6.11, Phonetic exponents of the terms of the Final System 7.4 6.111 Phonetic exponents of , c- 75 6.1111 n/n System 76 6.11111 Phonetic exponents of the terms of the n/n System 76. 6.111111 ;■ Phonetic exponents of n 76 6.112 Phonetic exponents of the P 78 6.1121 s/s System 79 6.11211 Phonetic exponents of the terms of the s/s System 79 6.112111 Phonetic exponents of the s 79 6.112112 it n It tt s 80 6.1121121 h/h System 81 6.11211211 Phonetic exponents of the terms of the h/h System 81 6.112112111 Phonetic exponents of the h 81 6.112112112 it it It tt ii 82 6.1121122 v/v System 83 6.11211221 Phonetic exponents of the terms of the v/v System 83 6.112112211 Phonetic exponents of the V 83 6.112112212 it tt It tt V 84 6.113 m tt tt ti a 85 6.114 n it tt it 0 86 Chapter VII The Verb-root final syllable and. the Inflexion syllable 90 7.00 Introductory 90 7.10 Intra-Verbal Junction System 95 7.11 Phonetic exponents of the terms of the Intra-Verbal Junction System 95 7.111 Phonetic exponents of the c 96 7.1111' s/s System 10i 7.11111 Phonetic exponents of the terms of the s/s System 10i 7.111111 Phonetic exponents of the s 10 10] 7.111112 tt it it it i 7.112 tt tt tt tt P 10' 7.1121 h/h System 1 1! 7.11211 Phonetic exponents of the terms of the h/h System 111 7.112111 Phonetic exponents of the h ir 7.112112 it it It tt h 12 7.1122 v/v System 130 7.11221 Phonetic exponents of the terms of the v/v System 130 7.112211 Phonetic exponents of the V 131 7.112212 it n n it V 135 7.1123 r/r System 143 7.11231 Phonetic exponents of the terms of the r/r System 144 7.112311 Phonetic exponents of the r 145 7.112312 it ti 11 it r 148 [> C\] '=3- s/s System 157 7.11241 Phonetic exponents of the terms of the s/s System 157 7.112411 Phonetic exponents of the s 158 7.112412 it ti It ti s 163 7.113 ii n tt ii o 171 7.1131 r/r System 176 7.11311 Phonetic exponents of the terms of the r/r System 176 7.113111 Phonetic exponents of thei r 177 7.113112 ii u 11 tt r 178 7.114 n ii n n f 182 7.1141 r/i System 186 7.11411 Phonetic exponents of th e terms of the r/r System 186 7.114111 Phonetic exponents of the r 187 7.1141111 n/n System 190 7.11411111 Phonetic exponents of the terms of the n/n System 190 7.114111111 Phonetic exponents of the n 191 7.114111112 ii ti 11 n n 192 7.114112 ii tt It ti r 193 7.115 n ii II ti a 197 7.1151 r/r System 197 7.11511 Phonetic exponents of the terms of the r/r System 197 7.115111 Phonetic exponents of thei• r 198 7.115112 ti n 11 it r 199 7.116 Phonetic exponents of o 202 7.12 Relationship between the Intra-root Pinal System and the Intra-verbal System. ,208 7.121 Prosodic classification of the verbs 208 7.20 Phonematic Systems for the verb-root syllable 209 7.21 Phonematic Systems (Syllable final) 209 7.211 Phonematic System for cndr 210 7.212 H- n u cndr 211 7.213 " " obrics ....211 7.214 11 n n cries and.cncs 211 7.215 ” u 11 cnfrn,cnfrn and cnfr ^12 7.216 " 11 11 phsr, pvsr, pvsr, phvsr and phvsr 212 7.217 11 11 " phsr, pvsr, pHvsr, pHvsr and pvsr 213 7.218 Phonematic System for the penultimate consonant in the final syllable of ar and ar 213 7.219 Phonematic System for the ultimate consonant in the final syllable of or. 214 7.2110 Phonematic System for the ultimate consonant in the final syllable of or 214 7.22 Phonematic Systems (syllable): V Systems. 215 Chapter VIII Inflexion Syllable 216 8.00 Introductory 216 8.10 Intr-inflexion Prosodic System 216 8.11 Phonetic exponents of the terms of the Intra-inflexion System 217 8.20 Phonematic Systems 217 8.21 Phonematic C Systems 218 8.22 ' .