UCLA UCLA Previously Published Works Title The neolithic demographic transition in mesoamerica Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9kj940tb Journal Current Anthropology, 55(5) ISSN 0011-3204 Authors Lesure, RG Martin, LS Bishop, KJ et al. Publication Date 2014 DOI 10.1086/678325 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California The Neolithic Demographic Transition in Mesoamerica Author(s): Richard G. Lesure, Lana S. Martin, Katelyn J. Bishop, Brittany Jackson, and C. Myles Chykerda Source: Current Anthropology, (-Not available-), p. 000 Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/678325 . Accessed: 06/10/2014 19:14 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press and Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Current Anthropology. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 128.97.27.21 on Mon, 6 Oct 2014 19:14:00 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Current Anthropology Volume 55, Number 5, October 2014 000 The Neolithic Demographic Transition in cemetery was converted into a chronological position relative Mesoamerica to the local arrival of the Neolithic (dt). The leading edge of the Neolithic expansion always corresponded to dt p 0. Val- Richard G. Lesure, Lana S. Martin, Katelyn J. Bishop, ues of dt for Mesolithic cemeteries therefore were negative, Brittany Jackson, and C. Myles Chykerda whereas those for Neolithic cemeteries were positive. With the data aggregated in this way, a distinct rise in values of Anthropology Department, University of California, Los p with the initial Neolithic, signaling a rise in the birthrate, Angeles, 341 Haines Hall, Los Angeles, California 90095- 15 5 is identifiable (Bocquet-Appel 2002, fig. 4). Extensions of 1553, U.S.A. ([email protected]) (Lesure, Martin, these techniques have identified similar demographic tran- Bishop, and Jackson)/Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, Uni- sitions in multiple world areas (Bocquet-Appel 2008), in- versity of California, Los Angeles, A210 Fowler Building, cluding the Levant (Guerrero, Naji, and Bocquet-Appel 2008), Los Angeles, California 90095-1510, U.S.A. (Chykerda). North America generally (Bocquet-Appel and Naji 2006), and This paper was submitted 21 I 14, accepted 6 IV 14, and the U.S. Southwest in particular (Kohler et al. 2008). electronically published 24 IX 14. In this paper, we present a comparable analysis for Meso- CAϩ Online-Only Material: Supplement A america. Previous considerations of the NDT in this region did not involve an effort to assemble the skeletal evidence The Neolithic demographic transition in Mesoamerica was a (Bandy 2005; Lesure 2008). Results suggest that the NDT in gradual process that unfolded over most of the Formative Mesoamerica was a gradual process that unfolded over the period (1800 BC–AD 200). An analysis of published records entire Formative period (1800 BC–AD 200). of over 6,700 pre-Hispanic burials, focusing on changing pro- portions of juveniles 5–19 years of age, suggests that fertility Data and Methods rates rose steadily during both the second and the first mil- lennia BC. The gradual pace of the demographic transition Our data set includes information on 2,250 Formative, 2,296 was probably related to the low initial productivity of maize. Classic, and 2,158 Postclassic burials compiled primarily from published records (see table 1; for references, see table A1; tables A1, A2 available online). Archaic burials (table A2) are Bocquet-Appel (2002, 2008, 2011) has developed a new per- too few for meaningful analysis. Figure 1 presents a simplified spective on the demographic transition associated with the Mesoamerican chronology, and figure 2 gives a map of sites. emergence of agriculture, termed the “Neolithic demographic In this section, we briefly summarize methodological issues transition” (NDT). Building on the observation that shifts and challenges. from hunting and gathering to agricultural economies stim- ulated population growth, Bocquet-Appel looks for the effects Skeletal Samples of higher birthrates in Neolithic cemeteries. The proportion Pre-Hispanic cemeteries are rare in Mesoamerica. Burials were of juveniles in a single-period cemetery provides clues to the often around residences, resulting in small excavated assem- age structure of the originating population. The focus is on blages. We have used particularly residential assemblages that individuals aged 5–19 years, because very young individuals include individuals of a range of ages. Following Kohler et (0–4 years) are often absent or underrepresented in prehistoric al. (2008), we have in numerous instances pooled small sam- cemeteries (Bocquet-Appel and Naji 2006:341–342). The pro- ples from the same region and period (table A1). For com- portion of juveniles (5–19 years old) relative to all individuals ments on our rejection of certain cases, see section 1 of sup- five years or older is a paleodemographic indicator highly plement A, available online. correlated with the birthrate (Bocquet-Appel 2002:638–643). For the Formative era, we set a minimum sample size at In growing populations, the proportion of young individuals 11 because below that the expected number of juveniles (5– is high, whereas in shrinking populations it is low. Therefore, 19 years) for a population with zero growth falls below 2. For we would expect growing populations to generate cemeteries urban communities of the Classic and Postclassic, a sample with high proportions of 5–19-year-olds, a statistic abbrevi- size of 11 hardly seemed acceptable. For those periods we ated as p . Stationary or declining populations would yield 15 5 required a minimum sample size of 22 (twice that for the cemeteries with low values of p . 15 5 Formative). There is considerable noise in such data, but Bocquet-Appel was able to identify an NDT in prehistoric Europe by intro- Ages Estimates ducing a relative chronology based on the wavelike spread of agriculture across the continent. The absolute age of each Calculation of the paleodemographic indicator used to detect the NDT (15p5) requires that ages 0–4 years be distinguished ϩ ᭧ 2014 by The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. from 5 years and that 5–19 years be distinguished from All rights reserved. 0011-3204/2014/5505-00XX$10.00. DOI: 10.1086/ 20ϩ years. Many Mesoamerican burials are not published at 678325 the required level of detail. Published age breakdowns often This content downloaded from 128.97.27.21 on Mon, 6 Oct 2014 19:14:00 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 000 Current Anthropology Volume 55, Number 5, October 2014 Table 1. Samples used in the analysis Phase or period Earliest ceramics in years p ϩ Sample code midpoint Sites BC (dt 0) n (5–19) n (5 ) 15p5 Central Mexico: CM1 250 BC Chupicuaro (20) 1000 64.4 311.4 .21 CM2 AD 650 La Mesa (40) 1700 14.15 46.8 .30 CM3 AD 1000 Tula (73) 1700 13.89 63.8 .22 CM5 AD 1210 Cholula (19) 1700 88.81 380.4 .23 CM6 650 BC Chalcatzingo (14) 1800 13.8 100.8 .14 CM7 1100 BC Chalcatzingo (14), Gual- 1800 4 23 .17 upita (32), Nexpa (46) CM8 800 BC El Arbolillo (27), Zaca- 1700 9 58 .16 tenco (78) CM9 400 BC Buenaventura (9), Terre- 1700 20.54 113.2 .18 mote-Tlatenco (64), Tlapacoya (70) CM10 AD 425 Teotihuacan: various resi- 1200 72.79 349.2 .21 dential contexts (62) CM11 400 BC Ticoman (65) 1700 8.5 54.5 .16 CM12 1200 BC Tlatilco (71) 1700 54 329 .16 CM13 AD 1423 Tenochtitla´n (60) 1700 48.49 280.8 .17 CM14 AD 1300 Teotenango (61) 1700 89.59 391.2 .23 Western Mexico: WM1 AD 1200 Alta Vista (2) 600 2.87 23.5 .12 WM2 AD 685 Chalpa (15), Juana 1000 17.3 105.1 .16 Gomez (37), Penales (48), Tecualilla (59) WM3 AD 1050 Guadalupe (31) 1700 16.41 94.4 .17 WM4 1250 BC El Open˜o (28) 1700 29.5 250 .12 WM5 AD 1438 Urichu (75) 1000 7.35 30 .25 Guerrero: G1 700 BC Chilpancingo (18), Tixtla 1700 2.6 23.6 .11 (69) Southern highlands: SH1 550 BC Coatepec (21), Cuicatlan 1700 2 14 .14 (24), Quachilco (51) SH2 400 BC Fabrica San Jose (29), 1800 10.97 72.6 .15 Huitzo (34), Monte Alba´n (45), San Sebas- tian Abasolo (54), Ti- erras Largas (66), To- maltepec (72) SH3 AD 500 Monte Alba´n (45) 1800 26.31 131.1 .20 SH4 1400 BC San Jose Mogote (52), 1800 10 97.17 .10 various sites (54, 66, 72) SH5 800 BC Various sites (29, 34, 66, 1800 5 35 .14 72) Eastern Mesoamerica: EM1 750 BC Chiapa de Corzo (16), 1700 2.5 15.5 .16 Mirador (43) EM2 400 BC Chiapa de Corzo (16), 1700 11.2 53.2 .21 Mirador (43) EM3 75 BC Chiapa de Corzo (16) 1700 3 15 .20 EM4 AD 75 Chiapa de Corzo (16) 1700 8.1 52.1 .16 EM5 1500 BC Chilo (17), Paso de la 1900 4.97 30.4 .16 Amada (49), Vivero (76) EM6 AD 1 Dzibilchaltun (26) 900 1.3 12.3 .11 EM7 AD 1300 Mayapan (42) 900 45.78 217.78 .21 EM8 AD 775 Dzibilchaltun (26), 900 31.82 104.7 .30 Oxkintok (47), Xuen- kal (77), Tancah (57) EM9 AD 1492 Iximche (36) 1000 19.37 102.5 .19 This content downloaded from 128.97.27.21 on Mon, 6 Oct 2014 19:14:00 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Lesure et al.