OCTOBER 1981 LIDS-R-1157 SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE AND EVALUATION Edited By Michael Athans Wilbur B. Davenport, Jr. Elizabeth R. Ducot Robert R. Tenney Proceedings of the Fourth MIT/ONR Workshop on Distributed Information and Decision Systems Motivated by Command-Control-Communications (C 3) Problems Volume II June 15 - June 26, 1981 San Diego, California ONR Contract No. N00014-77-C-0532 PREFACE This volume is one of a series of four reports containing contri- butions from the speakers at the fourth MIT/ONR Workshop on Distributed Information and Decision Systems Motivated by Command-Control-Communication (C3 ) Problems. Held from June 15 through June 26, 1981 in San Diego, California, the Workshop was supported by the Office of Naval Research under contract ONR/N00014-77-C-0532 with MIT. The purpose of this annual Workshop is to encourage informal inter- actions between university, government, and industry researchers on basic issues in future military command and control problems. It is felt that the inherent complexity of the C 3 system requires novel and imaginative thinking, theoretical advances and the development of new basic methodol- ogies in order to arrive at realistic, reliable and cost-effective de- signs for future C3 systems. Toward these objectives, the speakers, in presenting current and future needs and work in progress, addressed the following broad topics: 1) Surveillance and Target Tracking 2) Systems Architecture and Evaluation 3) Communication, Data Bases & Decision Support 4) C 3 Theory In addition to the Workshop speakers and participants, we would like to thank Dr. Stuart Brodsky of the Office of Naval Research, and Ms. Barbara Peacock-Coady and Ms. Lisa Babine of the MIT Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems for their help in making the Workshop a success. Cambridge, Massachusetts MichaeZ Athans October 1981 Wilbur B. Davenport, Jr. Elizabeth R. Ducot Robert R. Tenney -1- SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE AND EVALUATION FOREWORD .. .............................................. iv 3 C I SYSTEMS EVALUATION PROGRAM Dr. Stuart H. Starr ...................................... 1 C SYSTEM RESEARCH AND EVALUATION: A SURVEY AND ANALYSIS Dr. David S. AZberts ..................................... 21 THE INTELLIGENCE ANALYST PROBLEM Dr. Daniel Schutzer .......................... .............. 31 DERIVATION OF AN INFORMATION PROCESSING SYSTEMS (C /MIS) --ARCHITECTURAL MODEL -- A MARINE CORPS PERSPECTIVE Lieutenant CoZoneZ James V. Bronson .......................... 67 A CONCEPTUAL CONTROL MODEL FOR DISCUSSING COMBAT DIRECTION SYSTEM (C2). ARCHITECTURAL ISSUES Dr. Timothy Kraft and Mr. Thomas Murphy ..................... 93 EVALUATING THE UTILITY OF JINTACCS MESSAGES Captain John S. Morrison ..................................... 109 FIRE SUPPORT CONTROL AT THE FIGHTING LEVEL Mr. Barry L. Reichard ....................................... 131 A PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF MAU IN PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT Major James R. Hughes ........ ............. .............165 HIERARCHICAL VALUE ASSESSMENT IN A TASK FORCE DECISION ENVIRONMENT Dr. Ami ArbeZ ............ ............. ............. 191 -ii- OVER-THE-HORIZON, DETECTION, CLASSIFICATION AND TARGETING (OTH/DC&T) SYSTEM CONCEPT SELECTION USING FUNCTIONAL FLOW DIAGRAMS Dr. GZenn E. Mitzel ......................................... 211 A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO COMMAND, CONTROL AND COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM DESIGN Dr. Jay K. Beam and Mr. George D. HaZuschynsky .............. 227 MEASURES OF EFFECTIVENESS AND PERFORMANCE FOR YEAR 2000 TACTICAL C3 SYSTEMS Dr. Djimitri Wiggert ........................................ 243 AN END USER FACILITY (EUF) FOR COMMAND, CONTROL, AND COMMUNICATIONS (C3 ) Drs. Jan D. Wald and Sam R. HoZZllingsworth ................... 261 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE AND EVALUATION FOREWORD While the other three volumes of these proceedings deal with theorectical or algorithmic aspects of C , the papers of this volume address the more realistic, and clearly quite important, issue of structuring a C3 system to maximize its abilities to support a military mission. The design of C 3 systems involves both (a) the conception of functional organizations which deliver the right information to the right decision makers at the right time, and (b) the evaluation of those organizations in terms of overall mission effectiveness, not specific performance characteristics of individual elements. The emphasis in C 3 design must be to make the symphony as a whole sound good, not to require virtuoso performances from each player in isolation. The papers in this section are grouped according to four major themes: 3 overview and general perspective (1-4), discussions of existing C systems (5-7), evaluation of hierarchically structured systems (8-9), and frame- works for C3 design based on functional decomposition and analysis (10-13). This organization reflects both the variety of perspectives one can take, 3 and the lack of a unified, consistant framework in which C architecture can be considered. Of the first group, Starr and AZberts provide broad overviews of on- going programs in this area. In contrast, Schutzer and Bronson describe conceptual frameworks for addressing some generic C issues motivated by intelligence analysis and Marine Corps applications, Kraft-Murphy leads the transition to specific problems in a discussion of the Navyts Advanced Combat Direction System architecture, and Morrison and Reichard discuss the utility and content of information communicated in Air Force and Army appli- cations. On the evaluation side, one needs a methodology for relating the per- formance of elementary equipment modules, as measured by their engineering -iv- specifications, to the overall mission effectiveness. Hughes gives a case study of one such methodology; Arbel discusses some of the theoreti- cal issues encountered in such analyses. Finally, several papers from the nascent effort at Johns-Hopkins (APL) (Mitzel, Beam-HaZuschynsky, Wiggert) and HoneyweZZ (Waid) bring these same issues to bear on design problems. _V_ C I SYSTEMS EVALUATION PROGRAM BY Stuart H. Starr The Pentagon Washington, DC 20301 1 C I SYSTEMS EVALUATION PROGRAM by Dr. Stuart H. Starr ABSTRACT The accompanying annotated briefing describes the objectives of the Systems Evaluation directorate in C3 I. The presentation summa- rizes the goals of the office, describing on-going initiatives, and identifying major problem areas that require additional work. C - 03 o E -- OE LU 0 3~ C CZ 0 0N Et0. *) * - 03 0.. ~0~ . ll·l i~-~na~~--.~..4. in a~~~~~~ co cO _r " - .3- 'Ca ._- (3JW4j(n~~~~~~~~~~~~C~ 4-)*--w E ,'' ¢- --~0 a) -n E 0r, 4.) - L'n S- c.) a) a) C toM-c C-iS04- -o E -~ = >-,~ ~ ' ~ -~S. ~~~~-r :o 0 - E X '-- ' r- co CN - c 3-> 0C 0-- J n 0 P C CZ0U- C) 0 C -J C M S. S. .4-) C C) ( CL.C a lCD0) 0ea -, E4 C) 4.0...-0 Eu- * 4. /). '40 Eu-- C C i LUC 03 EC 0-,-·0 -1 .a- n . c- .C C C C) *3 - OSmC W? 4 . ' V 0-*, E CC)2 c- ·r C) 'r0E 4-V) 4-'c C 4-) S. a o 4S 0 W C COCS- (0 inC 4-' *r-C- *ra.04Ca)(0- .- O C a) .- C u- *- 4-) j .C) 0 CD . -0 4-) C i - S- ( N C400 M W '>-p'C' 0)r C) a) 4-)S. 4)< C) .9-)C) C)aa~ · C) S. *r CS.O4Jn C ~ 42~ S 0 C C0 *'-4-'C S. 0)0 C 4 -S(0- E- C 0- 4- CD *3 4to ( ) IC 0 4. i n 0 -r 0 0 - ) .- 4-OJc)E 0 (0 OC C:: 4-- I. 0 C LUi. .9-)C)>0,..C 4.) *' C) 0. - 0 c -+-, --= ~~~~~~~~~~~) ~ 0 C 4 404cL) 4- - 0C -) ~ci -i-) U S E aC)E 4- ,O LS.~ C)u u- aC) 0i V) E( ~O C(4 4.) * u- C)0 COCL.)CO- o C- CZ M0O E I>Sco . .o E C2L 0 C0 0EL toa)(0- 4- c - 4- C ' e(0 iL U 0 C L.CE 4- S. *.~ ,-----.3--'-~ QJ0. O~I. C) (to.n Eu-in *.-~~~~+ > a) 0S- * 0 (0 2 '~-0)0 2'C00 5-0 - Ct S. in CO 00 O OC 0 0 0 0C)S..e4. E C) 4c( 0. in) >4- -C (0 in (0 0 2 m C) inin 0)0) C) C)0VE C 4-) C) S. 5.. 4- C S.. S. 4.- C4 0)0 r-. CO 0~ ( E E S.C in C) 4-) C C) .Ca -C) . -. v )4C >.,4-C ) _) C n C: ' 0 0 ~ N 4-S. 3- in C C (L - C 0 a- S -O' C - e-4, C' > (- 4.- C> C u-C~~~~~)(04-i~~~~~~~~~" in 0 in C)0 WO~~~~~~~~~(V..C-4- 0- C "-- ',i 0 O ~(' (0 C0 C4)-CL u'> 4 " .- C) (0 (3J(0 CDE>0 C C) - C-) .. oC- C. .0a , E.!~a 4-).-S0 -a 4--) .- . 'S-C 4- U to= C ctl n - 00 CZ 0 (n 0U .- V C) . 2 - S. *- (- C) ) MV) C-C04-. 0 0 4- ( LC)in>- Ccn - i n E 0 4- 44..4..) -: .4-) to-0 4-c 00- M , cn U0r OCn 4- * o toJ . C S 0 o C0 a) 4- a) 0. 0 o 0 0 ) CC U) Ca * 5.0 >)~ C U 0 0- > C> C) 4-).r--4-) toCc a-C (0)in 0 >.=, - inv 3 2 S. > v E.. 44( .. i C> 4- C E CS->., E- -4- ) 4.) 4.) +-C 4-)c 4--¢,'~o -0C -~cncMC -~.) ,-o -, -Eco1 1..o0O- =~a o *uc) '' L4.),- *--u - cnr 4-.4- C)UC 0S.- CCto v~o -= -. ) M . - 0 C-.) * . C) .- ,- *. .0.J- 0 0- '. QJ- S. *- S 4-(- S. t oin- > 4) $.,-(0 S. (A - -0 C 0.L Cc 4) 0 0r c NnrOco . 0-to 0CA (0 S S inc V) ( 4-- 4) .- ~ C to Ln C - ., . C-) to CS- r S- 4- O . -- 4- 4-.9) )) ,- a a) o 4- 0-n~ i~ c~cO 0 tooo C.0- S..- L - = 0"0 C_ ) 4- C) S- 0) co '" 0 0 - G. - tv 4 LC) C, >> in O. .0 '.- 0/ 'rC .C ' . q- ¢ >a a 0 2 ¢, ,-, ',-- t4 5J ¢ '0 0 SJ.