TEXTE Texte Proceedings Expert Meeting on Critical 47 Limits for Heavy Metals and 03 Methods for their Application ISSN Berlin, 2.-4. Dezember 2002 0722-186X UMWELTBUNDESAMT Diese TEXTE-Veröffentlichung kann bezogen werden bei Vorauszahlung von 10,00 € durch Post- bzw. Banküberweisung, Verrechnungsscheck oder Zahlkarte auf das Konto Nummer 4327 65 - 104 bei der Postbank Berlin (BLZ 10010010) Fa. Werbung und Vertrieb, Ahornstraße 1-2, 10787 Berlin Parallel zur Überweisung richten Sie bitte eine schriftliche Bestellung mit Nennung der Texte-Nummer sowie des Namens und der Anschrift des Bestellers an die Firma Werbung und Vertrieb. Der Herausgeber übernimmt keine Gewähr für die Richtigkeit, die Genauigkeit und Vollständigkeit der Angaben sowie für die Beachtung privater Rechte Dritter. Die in der Studie geäußerten Ansichten und Meinungen müssen nicht mit denen des Herausgebers übereinstimmen. Herausgeber: Umweltbundesamt Postfach 33 00 22 14191 Berlin Tel.: 030/8903-0 Telex: 183 756 Telefax: 030/8903 2285 Internet: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de Redaktion: Gudrun Schütze, Fa. Ökodata Fachgebiet II 1.2 Ullrich Lorenz Till Spranger Berlin, Juli 2003 FOREWORD The Expert Meeting on Critical Limits for Heavy Metals and Methods for their Application was held 2 – 4 December 2003 in Berlin. It was the follow-up of the first Meeting of the Ad-hoc International Expert Group on Effect-based Critical Limits for Heavy Metals (11 – 13 October 2000 in Bratislava), continuing international scientific discussion, the first steps of which were UNECE workshops 1997 in Bad Harzburg and 1999 in Schwerin. The derivation of an effects-based approach for heavy metals aiming at emission abatements has been continuously developed since the mid of the 1990’s. It started even before the Protocol on Heavy Metals of the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) was signed by 36 parties, 1998, in Århus (Denmark). The process was induced by the results of the Dutch project “European Soil & Sea Quality due to Atmospheric Deposition (ESQUAD, 1994) as well as by the elaboration of first draft manuals (De Vries and Bakker 1996, De Vries et al. 1996) on behalf of the Air and Energy Directorate of the Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment, providing methods to calculate critical loads for heavy metals in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The methods proposed there have been amended in several steps according to the most current status of knowledge. While the main principles of such calculations nowadays are widely agreed within the UNECE International Cooperative Programme on Modelling and Mapping of Critical Loads & Levels and Air Pollution Effects, Risks and Trends (ICP Modelling and Mapping), within the last three years most emphasis was laid on strengthening the scientific basis of critical limits (concentrations) and transfer functions (necessary to describe heavy metal partitioning in soils and surface waters) as well as their harmonisation between countries. A first European exercise on mapping critical loads of lead and cadmium and their exceedances could already be conducted in 2002 in cooperation between ICP Modelling and Mapping and EMEP Meteorological Synthesizing Centre East (MSC-E) (Hettelingh et al. 2002, see also http://www.unece.org/env/documents/2002/eb/wg1/eb.air.wg.1.2002.13.e.pdf). The results of this study helped to identify the most crucial items for completing the effects oriented methods for heavy metals The expert meeting in Berlin was another important step on this successful way. It was held according to the work plan of ICP Modelling and Mapping and considered the recommendations drawn from the first European mapping exercise. The German Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety sponsored the meeting, which was organised by the Federal Environmental Agency in cooperation with OEKO-DATA Strausberg. Relevant scientific input was provided by the international expert groups on critical limits and transfer functions of heavy metals in the framework of ICP Modelling and Mapping. Presently the UNECE Protocol on Heavy Metals, which was mainly based on the principle of best available technology (BAT), has been ratified by 13 countries and the EU, and is expected to enter into force soon. According to Article 6 (g) of the Protocol the effects-based approach, which should aim at protection of human health and the environment, was intended to be developed “for the purpose of formulating future optimized control strategies ...”. To be prepared for scientific support of eventual deliberations toward a future effects based Protocol on Heavy Metals, it will be necessary to finish the methodological developments temporarily and to produce advanced European maps on critical loads of heavy metals in 2005 as demanded in the Medium-term Work Plan of the Working Group on Effects (WGE) under the CLRTAP. The conclusions and recommendations of the workshop in Berlin will guide the further challenging work of the international expert groups on heavy metals and the Modelling and Mapping Programme. These results will be reported to the Task Force of the ICP Modelling and Mapping and to the WGE. The proceedings presented here will be distributed to all participants of the expert meeting as well as to those, who are interested in such issues. It is planned to make an electronic version available on the ICP website (www.icpmapping.org). Strausberg/Berlin, April 2003 Gudrun Schütze, workshop chairwoman Till Spranger, Chairman of the UNECE ICP Modelling and Mapping ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The „Expert meeting on Critical Limits for Heavy Metals and Methods for their Application”, was organized under the UNECE International Cooperative Programme on Modelling and Mapping of Critical Loads & Levels and Air Pollution Effects, Risks and Trends and sponsored by the German Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety. We are grateful for the support by the Chairman of the UNECE Working Group on Effects (WGE), Mr. Heinz-Detlef Gregor, and other members of the WGE Secretariat. Our specific thank goes to Mr. Marek Jakubowski, who represented the Joint Task Force on Health Aspects of Air Pollution at the meeting. The organisers wish to thank the members of the international expert groups on critical limits and transfer functions of heavy metals in the framework of ICP Modelling and Mapping. In particular the authors of draft background documents and main speeches, the chairpersons and rapporteurs of working groups, participants who provided special contributions to the workshop and to this book, as well as all those who participated actively in the discussions, thus enabling a constructive approach of the expert meeting, are gratefully acknowledged. Also, we thank the Dietrich-Bonhoeffer Haus, Ziegelstraße 30, in Berlin, for providing pleasant atmosphere and excellent conference facilities. Methods and criteria for calculating critical loads for heavy metals have been further developed after the meeting. Contributions to the continuing work have been sent by experts from several countries, including The Netherlands, Russian Federation, Sweden, and United Kingdom. We explicitly empha- size our gratitude for this further support of the tasks of ICP Modelling and Mapping related to effects- based approaches for heavy metals. Since this book is designed to be a background document for the December 2002 Expert meeting, these contributions have not been documented here. However, they will contribute greatly to the development of a chapter on critical loads of heavy metals of the ICP Modelling and Mapping Manual. This chapter will be finalized in spring 2004. EXPERT MEETING ON CRITICAL LIMITS FOR HEAVY METALS AND METHODS FOR THEIR APPLICATION BERLIN, GERMANY 2 – 4 DECEMBER 2002 PROCEEDINGS UNECE CONVENTION ON LONG-RANGE TRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION ICP MODELLING AND MAPPING Contents 1. Introduction...........................................................................................................................1 2. Ways ahead to the review of the heavy metals protocol....................................................4 3. Minutes..................................................................................................................................7 4. Background dokuments.....................................................................................................29 4.1 Critical limits for cadmium, lead and mercury related to ecotoxicological effects on soil organisms, aquatic organisms, plants, animals and humans...........................................29 4.1.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................30 4.1.2 Relevant receptors and related critical limits..........................................................32 4.1.3 Critical limits related to direct ecotoxicological effects on terrestrial and aquatic organisms.................................................................................................................35 4.1.4 Critical limits for soil related to impacts on human health.....................................45 4.1.5 Critical limits related to impacts on animal health.................................................56 4.1.6 Discussion and conclusions....................................................................................62 4.2 Transfer functions for the calculation of critical loads for lead and cadmium...............79 4.2.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................80