Intimations of Jacob, Judah, and Joseph in the Stories of King David: The Use of Narrative Analogy in 1 Samuel 16–1 Kings 2 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Kline, Joanna Greenlee. 2018. Intimations of Jacob, Judah, and Joseph in the Stories of King David: The Use of Narrative Analogy in 1 Samuel 16–1 Kings 2. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:41121240 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Intimations of Jacob, Judah, and Joseph in the Stories of King David: The Use of Narrative Analogy in 1 Samuel 16–1 Kings 2 A dissertation presented by Joanna Greenlee Kline to The Committee on the Study of Religion in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of The Study of Religion Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts August 2018 © 2018 Joanna Greenlee Kline All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Professor Jon D. Levenson Joanna Greenlee Kline Intimations of Jacob, Judah, and Joseph in the Stories of King David: The Use of Narrative Analogy in 1 Samuel 16–1 Kings 2 Abstract The subject of this study is the use of narrative analogy in the biblical story of King David (1 Samuel 16–1 Kings 2), especially the parallels between this material and the stories of the patriarch Jacob and his family (Genesis 25–50). Narrative analogy in the Hebrew Bible, which is related to the broader phenomena of allusion and inner-biblical interpretation, involves a series of parallels between biblical texts that function to draw comparisons between characters and events. My analysis focuses on several narratives in the books of Samuel that exhibit especially strong connections with stories in the book of Genesis. First, I discuss 1 Samuel 16–18, in which the early career of David shows parallels with the story of Joseph in Genesis 37 and 39. Next, I examine the analogical structure found in 1 Samuel 18–19 and 24–25 that compares David’s relationship with his father-in-law Saul to Jacob’s relationship with his father-in-law Laban. I then explore the many points of resemblance between the story of David’s daughter Tamar in 2 Samuel 13 and the story of Jacob’s daughter Dinah in Genesis 34. Finally, I analyze the complex analogical parallels exhibited by the narratives of 2 Samuel 11–13 and the Joseph story of Genesis 37–50, including the story of Judah and Tamar in Genesis 38. iii For all of these narratives, I identify possible parallels and connections with other biblical texts, classifying them according to whether the similarities are exhibited in plot, structure, language, motif, or theme. I then explore the functions and purposes of the analogical links. This analysis demonstrates that narrative analogy in the David story functions to develop characterization and to reinforce significant themes of the narrative, including sibling rivalry and reconciliation, measure-for-measure punishment, and divine election and providence. In addition to discussing the function of narrative analogy on the synchronic level, I also use text-critical data and analyze the diachronic development of each text in order to determine the genetic relationship between analogically connected narratives. In some cases, the evidence shows that the Genesis narratives influenced the Samuel texts; in other cases, the direction of influence appears to be the reverse. I argue that that this mutual textual influence led to a strengthening of the analogical links between David and Jacob as the narratives about them were composed and transmitted. Through its focus on narrative analogy, this project provides insights about the characterization of David, the portrayal of the institution of the kingship, and the depiction of divine providence in the books of Samuel. The study of analogical links between the narratives of Genesis and Samuel also provides evidence for a model of the diachronic relationship between these books, which appear to have influenced each other over the course of their development. Furthermore, this work contributes to a better understanding of the phenomenon of narrative analogy in the Hebrew Bible more broadly, showing how analogical parallels are constructed, identifying the literary and theological functions of these parallels, and highlighting the importance of narrative analogy as a compositional technique that serves to unite originally independent narratives of the Hebrew Bible. iv CONTENTS Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................... vii Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................... viii Introduction ....................................................................................................................................1 The David Story and the Book of Genesis ..............................................................................2 Narrative Analogy .................................................................................................................11 Criteria for Identifying Narrative Analogy ..................................................................18 Criteria for Identifying the Direction of Dependence between Narratives ...................24 Biblical Parables as a Model for Understanding Narrative Analogy ...........................28 The Shape and Composition of the David Story ...................................................................34 Plan of the Study ...................................................................................................................43 Chapter One: From Shepherd to Ruler: 1 Samuel 16–18 and Genesis 37, 39 .......................47 A Humble Beginning with Hints of Greatness: 1 Samuel 16:1–13 .......................................48 In the Service of a King: 1 Samuel 16:14–23 ........................................................................57 A Journey and a Conflict: 1 Samuel 17 .................................................................................59 Excursus: Two Different Versions of 1 Samuel 17–18 ...............................................60 Success in the Court: 1 Samuel 18 ......................................................................................107 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................................121 Chapter Two: Deceptive Dads and Double Daughters: 1 Samuel 18–19, 24–25 and Genesis 29, 31–33 ........................................................................................123 Marriage Negotiations for Two Daughters: 1 Samuel 18:17–27 ........................................124 Flight from the Fathers-in-Law: 1 Samuel 19, 24–25 .........................................................142 The Escape: 1 Samuel 19 ............................................................................................143 The Confrontation: 1 Samuel 24 .................................................................................159 An Analogical Twist: 1 Samuel 25 .............................................................................173 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................................184 Chapter Three: Rape and Revenge: 2 Samuel 13 and Genesis 34 ........................................189 The Rape of Dinah (2 Samuel 13) and the Rape of Tamar (Genesis 34) ............................190 The Composition of 2 Samuel 13 and Genesis 34 ..............................................................213 The Sin of Amnon and the Sin of Shechem ........................................................................223 Genesis 34, 2 Samuel 13, and Biblical Law ........................................................................234 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................................253 v Chapter Four: Fathers and Sons: 2 Samuel 11–13 and the Joseph Story ............................259 David and Bathsheba (2 Samuel 11–12) and Joseph and Potiphar’s Wife (Genesis 39) .............................................................................260 Amnon and Tamar (2 Samuel 13) and the Joseph Story (especially Genesis 37 and 39) .............................................................................................265 Women and Heirs: 2 Samuel 11–13 and Genesis 38 ..........................................................286 Previous Scholarship on Genesis 38 and the David Story .........................................286 Parallels between Genesis 38 and the David Story ....................................................296 Genesis 38 in the Joseph Story and 2 Samuel 11–13 in the David Story ..................312 The Direction of Influence between Genesis 38 and the David Story .......................324 Genesis 38 as a Narrative Anticipation of the David Story .......................................325 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................................329