REPORT 53 From Waste to Traffic Fuel (W-fuel) MTT CREATES VITALITY THROUGH SCIENCE Ülo Kask, Janita Andrijevskaja, Livia Kask, Priit Heinla, Meeli Hüüs Tiit Kallaste, Anton Laur, Anne Menert, Sirje Pädam Saija Rasi, Erja Heino, Saana Ahonen, Sanna Marttinen, REPORT Esa Aro-Heinilä, Nea Teerioja www.mtt.fi/julkaisut MTT, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland email [email protected] 53 Tallinn University of Technology Stockholm Environment Institute Tallinn Centre MTT Agrifood Research Finland HSY Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority Project report to the INTERREG IVA Southern Finland – Estonia Sub-programme From Waste to Traffic Fuel (W-Fuel) Jäätmed mootorikütuseks Ülo Kask, Janita Andrijevskaja, Livia Kask, Priit Heinla, Meeli Hüüs Tiit Kallaste, Anton Laur, Anne Menert, Sirje Pädam Saija Rasi, Erja Heino, Saana Ahonen, Sanna Marttinen, Esa Aro-Heinilä, Nea Teerioja ISBN: 978-952-487-386-4 (Printed version) ISBN: 978-952-487-387-1 (Electronic version) ISSN 1798-6419 www.mtt.fi/mttraportti/pdf/mttraportti53.pdf Copyright: MTT Authors Ülo Kask, Janita Andrijevskaja, Livia Kask, Priit Heinla, Meeli Hüüs, Tiit Kallaste, Anton Laur, Anne Menert, Sirje Pädam, Saija Rasi, Erja Heino, Saana Ahonen, Sanna Marttinen, Esa Aro-Heinilä, Nea Teerioja Distribution and sale: MTT Agrifood Research, Media and Information Services, FI-31600 Jokioinen, email [email protected] Printing year: 2012 Cover picture: MTT archive From Waste to Traffic Fuel (W-Fuel) 1) Ülo Kask, Janita Andrijevskaja, Livia Kask, Priit Heinla, Meeli Hüüs 2) Tiit Kallaste, Anton Laur, Anne Menert, Sirje Pädam 3) Saija Rasi, Erja Heino, Saana Ahonen, Sanna Marttinen, Esa Aro-Heinilä 4) Nea Teerioja 1 )Tallinn University of Technology 2) Stockholm Environment Institute Tallinn Centre 3 )MTT Agrifood Research Finland 4) HSY Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority Abstract The EU directive on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (Directive 2009/28/EC) sets a mandatory minimum target for the use of fuels produced using renewable energy sources of 10% of total petrol and diesel consumption in the transport sector by the year 2020. In addition, it states that production of renewable fuels should be consistent with sustainable development and must not endanger biodiversity. In the INTERREG IVA Southern Finland – Estonia Sub-programme, efforts towards finding solutions to the tasks set by the EU were undertaken in co-operation with Finnish and Estonian researchers. The purpose of the ”From Waste to Traffic Fuel” (W-Fuel) project was to promote the sustainable production and use of biogas using locally-sourced biodegradable waste materials from the food and beverage industry and the agricultural and municipal sectors. The ultimate aim of the project was to upgrade the biogas (produced based on anaerobic digestion of biodegradable wastes, sludge, manure, slurry and energy crops) to biomethane with a methane content similar to natural gas, to be further used as transport fuel with the aim of reducing traffic-borne emissions, in particular CO2. The project combined waste, energy and traffic solutions in order to decrease emissions, costs and the use of materials. Six case areas in southern Finland and northern Estonia were selected. The two case areas in Estonia were the counties of Harju and Lääne-Viru in northern Estonia. The project aimed to promote waste and sludge prevention and to commence biogas production and its subsequent upgrading to biomethane for use as a renewable fuel. The project promoted regional businesses and employment in waste treatment and ‘green energy’ production. On basis of the gathered data, the biogas potentials and prerequisites of each case county were analysed. Furthermore, the environmental, economic and other regional effects of the different options were compared. By developing research-based feasibility plans, the project partners provided solutions for public and private companies, local governments and research institutes. The project was implemented in close co-operation with municipal waste and sewage companies as well as stakeholders in industry and the agricultural and transport sectors. This report presents the project results for Estonia. Keywords: Biowaste, sludge, manure, energy crops, biogas, biogas plant, biogas upgrading methods, biomethane, transport fuel, waste prevention, environmental and economic impact assessment, cost-benefit analysis, vehicle fuel, public transport, greenhouse gases MTT RAPORTTI 53 3 Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 9 1.1. W-FUEL PROJECT OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................................................... 9 1.2. WASTE PREVENTION .................................................................................................................................... 10 1.3. BIOGAS PRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 11 1.4. BIOMETHANE AS TRANSPORT FUEL .................................................................................................................. 13 1.5. ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT ..................................................................................... 14 2. DATA AND METHODS ............................................................................................................................ 16 2.1. ORIGIN OF DATA ON FEEDSTOCK FOR BIOGAS PRODUCTION .................................................................................. 16 2.2. ESTIMATED METHANE YIELDS ......................................................................................................................... 18 2.3. BASE AND METHANE CASE SCENARIOS FOR 2020 .............................................................................................. 19 2.4. IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIOGAS PRODUCTION AND USE AS A TRANSPORT FUEL........................................................ 19 3. HARJU COUNTY: PROJECT RESULTS AND SCENARIOS .............................................................................. 22 3.1. BIOWASTE, SLUDGE AND AGRICULTURAL BIOMASS: HISTORY AND TRENDS............................................................... 22 3.2. BIOWASTE AND SLUDGE PREVENTION IN 2020 .................................................................................................. 27 3.2.1. Option A – continuing the present course of development ............................................................... 27 3.2.2. Option B - biowaste and sludge prevention ...................................................................................... 28 3.3. BIOGAS POTENTIAL AND POSSIBLE BIOGAS PLANTS IN 2020 ................................................................................. 30 3.3.1 Option A - continuing the present course of development ..................................................................... 30 3.3.2. Option B – using biomass for biogas production ............................................................................... 32 3.3.3 Summary of future options ..................................................................................................................... 42 3.4. BIOMETHANE USE AS TRANSPORT FUEL IN 2020 ............................................................................................... 43 3.4.1. Location of the biogas production and upgrading plant ................................................................... 43 3.4.2. Transport of biogas raw materials .................................................................................................... 44 3.4.3. Biogas upgrading method ................................................................................................................. 45 3.4.4. Biomethane consumption as transport fuel at Hinnu (Option B2) ..................................................... 47 3.4.5. Future ................................................................................................................................................ 48 3.5. IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THE SCENARIOS .......................................................................................................... 49 3.5.1. Environmental and economic impacts of food waste prevention ..................................................... 49 3.5.2. Environmental and economic impacts of biogas production and use as transport fuel ................... 50 4. LÄÄNE-VIRU COUNTY: PROJECT RESULTS AND SCENARIOS ..................................................................... 53 4.1. BIOWASTE, SLUDGE AND AGRICULTURAL BIOMASS: HISTORY AND TRENDS............................................................... 53 4.2. BIOWASTE AND SLUDGE PREVENTION IN 2020 .................................................................................................. 57 4.2.1. Option A - continuing the present course of development ................................................................ 57 4.2.2. Option B - biowaste and sludge prevention ...................................................................................... 59 4.3. BIOGAS POTENTIAL AND POSSIBLE BIOGAS PLANTS IN 2020 ................................................................................. 60 4.3.1. Option A - continuing the present course of development ................................................................ 60 4.3.2. Option