POETRY OF SQUALOR: whose redemption remains out of reach, and whose EXPLORING THE BORGATA IN PIER PAOLO doom is inescapable. PASOLINI’S ACCATTONE Analysing Space: Aesthetic, Metaphor and Spatial — Paradigm By Pei-Suin Ng Beauty and Ugliness, Beauty in Ugliness: Estetismo — del Lercio [P]oetry also has the responsibility to sear the Shot in the slums of Pigneto, the borgata in Accattone is retina the way a laser beam carves a diamond not pretty: a place of tremendous poverty and rock. And this transformative potential—of decrepitude, its landscape is of peeling shacks, not merely changing what we see by crumbling walls, rusted barbed wire-fences, rubbish- illuminating them, but perhaps to also strewn wastelands and shabby rooms. Life is generally surgically change the way we see, I located only in poetry—that fistful of harmless, impalpable either made up of crime, violence and exploitation, or gunpowder. the daily grind of menial toil. Poverty is a constant ∼ Alfian Sa’at1 preoccupation and hunger is never far away. Yet through various means, the borgata is filmed by Pasolini as a place of beauty and, more importantly, sanctity. P. Adams Sitney highlights the Don Marquis once wrote a poem about a fly who hagiographical model of Accattone, pointing out, among argued that he was ‘a vessel of righteousness scattering other arguments, ‘Gospel allusions ranging from the seeds of justice’ by helping to rid the world of farfetched—Accattone’s meal and his dive into the alcoholics and the iniquitous who succumbed to the Tiber wearing gold ornaments as a parody of the germs he carried to them.2 In justification stretched to Temptations in the desert—to the blatant—his death in absurdity, Marquis makes the point that grime, poverty the company of two thieves’.3 The setting of J.S. Bach’s and squalor do not constitute attractive subjects— St Matthew Passion to the sordid details of the borgata is surely it is easier to be enticed by bright lights and another obvious device of Pasolini’s sacralità tecnica:4 beauty, more tempting to revel in glitz, glamour and beyond the accompaniment of the music’s intrinsic grandeur. beauty to the ugliness of the slums, as one of the most Yet Pasolini’s Rome as depicted in his early inspired musical treatment of Passiontide the score also films centers precisely on such wretchedness: set lends the sacredness of Christ’s pain to Accattone’s predominantly in the urban periphery, Pasolini’s camera own afflictions. Imbued in such symbolism, the borgata determinedly avoids the more pleasant sights of the is thus no longer the rathole of the ragazzi (youths), but Pantheon or the Trevi Fountain, preferring instead the a place of sacredness, whose squalor is a sacrosanct grimness of the borgate or the wilderness in the city suffering. outskirts. This essay focuses on Pasolini’s cinematic The grace of the borgata is further dignified by representation of the Roman slums, or the borgate, in Pasolini’s frequent allusions to art and literature, a Accattone by analysing on various levels its significance technique which pertains to his style of ‘contaminazione’. as a specific topographical space. My primary argument First identified in his linguistic studies,5 Pasolini’s is that Pasolini’s alternate take on the borgate, replete with myth, utopian idealism and ideological ambition, nonetheless remains a flawed striving of romanticism, 3 P. Adams Sitney, Vital Crises in Italian Cinema (Austin: University of Texas Press,1995), pp. 176-7. 4 Though I personally felt the choice of a Passion by Bach rather odd, given Pasolini’s Catholic (and Italian) sensibilities: not only was Bach a Lutheran, he also set St. Matthew Passion 1 ‘Letter from a young poet to an older one’, 10 April 2002, in his native German (Passions written in German being a http://alfian.diaryland.com/children.html (visited 16 phenomenon which came about only during the February 2007). Reformation). 2 Don Marquis, ‘a spider and a fly’ in archy and mehitabel (New 5 See, for example, ‘New Linguistic Questions’, ‘Comments York: Doubleday, 1990), p. 40. on Free Indirect Discourse’ ‘Dante’s Will To Be A Poet’ and - - 1 notion of ‘contamination’ calls for a pastiche of styles whereby ‘high brow’ culture interlaces with the ‘low’, In terms of shot composition, Pasolini, using the resulting in a creative combination of mutually telephoto lens, frequently adopts a flat, frontal mise-en- traversing humility and splendor. Hence, the use of the scène, such as the shot of Accattone poised on the culturally prestigious St Matthew Passion effectively bridge, ready to dive into the Tiber. According to counter-points the ‘low life’ elements of the borgate, as Steimatsky, such a ‘frontal assault’ on the profilmic does the quotation from Dante which opens the film, ‘evokes the gilded vertical surface of the icon receptive or the shots of Accattone framed and lit like a to the incarnation of a divine […] figure’, where ‘figure Mannerist saint. Art is indeed a frequent reference: and background converge in a static ceremonial Sitney describes Accattone as proceeding through ‘a composition, designed for veneration.’9 Pasolini’s series of gestural moments, consciously modeled on the camera is also usually static (indeed, Pasolini fresco panels of the great Florentine masters of the deliberately fixed his Arriflex camera by removing its early Renaissance.’6 In these ways, the landscape of up/down lever),10 and movement is often subdued with poverty in the borgate is vicariously enriched by the glory slow pans rather than cuts.11 Long tracking shots are of religious art, literary resonance and musical favoured, keeping the characters in a constant relation grandeur.7 to the frame for minimal disruption, resulting in an Finally, the sacredness of the borgata is also elegiac and measured style appropriately underpinning enhanced by the film’s cinematic style. Pasolini the film’s cinematic aesthetic of gravitas, consecrated describes his crafting of Accattone’s aesthetic: beauty, even reverence. However, beyond a certain point the value of [T]he lenses were […] lenses that render the style empty of substance has to be questioned. materials heavy, exalt the modeling, the Pasolini’s partiality to emotive response rather than chiaroscuro, give weight and often an content is emphatic: ‘[…] what counts is the depth of unpleasantness of worm-eaten wood or feeling, the passion I put into things; it isn’t so much the porous stone to the figures, etc. Especially novelty of the content […] [my emphasis].’12 But what is the when one uses them with ‘stained’ lighting, backlighting […] that hollows out the orbits of worth of sentiment sans substance? Accattone at the the eyes, the shadows under the nose and end of the film dies as a thief caught in a freak accident around the mouth […]. Thus was born, in the while trying to escape. How can this figure be read as ensemble of [Accattone], in its figurative one exalted? He is no saviour; living a life of crime and machinery, that ‘grave aestheticism of death exploitation he has neither nobility nor honour. He dies […].8 without virtue or transfiguration—his career change from pimp to thief (though apparently a ‘promotion’ in Pasolinean terms) is hardly a major elevation on any pp. xviii-xix in Pier Paolo Pasolini, Heretical Empiricism objective basis, nor his half-hearted attempt to make an (Bloomington: Indiana University Press,1988). honest living, abandoned after one day, in any way a 6 Sitney, Vital Crises, p. 180. 13 7 At this point it might be interesting to note Noa saving grace. No matter the stylistic sophistry, without Steimatsky’s argument that ‘contamination’ also recalls ‘Erich Auerbach’s analysis of the Gospel of Mark in terms of a 9 Steimatsky, ‘Pasolini on Terra Sancta’, pp. 247 and 249. mingling of voices’ (‘Pasolini on Terra Sancta: Towards a 10 Sam Rohdie, The Passion of Pier Paolo Pasolini (Bloomington: Theology of Film’, The Yale Journal of Criticism, 11.1 (1998), Indiana University Press, 1996), p. 8. As a tangential point, pp. 241-2). According to Steimatsky, Pasolini shows this does compare interestingly to an oppositional stylistic knowledge of Auerbach’s text in his book, Les dernières paroles aesthetic of the roving flâneur, or wanderer, in other ‘city’ d’un impie: entretiens avec Jean Duflot (Paris: Pierre Belfond, films like Berlin: Die Sinfonie der Großstadt, whereby urban 1981), pp. 140-41. Not being able to read French, I have not milieu is mapped and visual culture examined precisely by the consulted the reference, though I note that Pasolini flâneur’s itinerant activity. specifically states in an interview with Oswald Stack that he is 11 As Pasolini himself noted, ‘nothing is more sacred, not in deliberate pursuit of a stylistic formula but simply for technically, than a slow parorama……’: ‘Confessioni ‘the degree of intensity to which I bring the contamination tecniche’, p. 44. and mixture of the various styles’ (Pasolini on Pasolini 12 Stack, Pasolini, p. 28. (London: British Film Institute, 1969), p. 28), making it 13 In this regard, it might be worthwhile comparing Accattone slightly suspect just how much one should pursue the to Pasolini’s novel, Una vita violenta, also set in the borgate, content or substantial significance behind Pasolini’s style of where it has been commented that Tommaso at least ‘gains contaminazione. some knowledge, vague though it is, of his proper place in 8 Pier Paolo Pasolini, ‘Confessioni tecniche’, Uccellacci e uccellini history and politics’ (Ian Thomson, ‘Pasolini’s Rome’, London (Milano: Garzanti, 1966), p. 44. Magazine, July 1986, p. 46). I also disagree with Stephen 2 - - content reaffirming its redemption, in my opinion the Pasolini’s nostalgia for mythic pasts, stemming from his borgata remains the habitat of Accattone—thief, ex- attachment to the Italian peasantry and its associated pimp, layabout—and his ilk, unredeemed, pastoral world and culminating in his later films such as unremorseful, unrepentant.