Latin at the Crossroads of Identity Central and Eastern Europe Regional Perspectives in Global Context Series Editors Constantin Iordachi (Central European University, Budapest) Maciej Janowski (Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw) Balázs Trencsényi (Central European University, Budapest) VOLUME 5 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/cee Latin at the Crossroads of Identity The Evolution of Linguistic Nationalism in the Kingdom of Hungary Edited by Gábor Almási and Lav Šubarić LEIDEN | BOSTON Cover illustration: Watercolour paintings of senior students at the Debrecen boarding school, taken from the diary of József Csokonai (end of 18th century). Courtesy of Déri Múzeum (Debrecen), Irodalmi Gyűjtemény (K.X.75.72.1). This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. 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Contents List of Illustrations vii List of Contributors viii Kingdom of Hungary at the Beginning of the 19th Century xii Introduction 1 Gábor Almási and Lav Šubarić Part 1 The Politics of Language 1 When Language Became Ideology: Hungary in the Eighteenth Century 27 István Margócsy 2 Which Language and Which Nation? Mother Tongue and Political Languages: Insights from a Pamphlet Published in 1790 35 Henrik Hőnich 3 ‘Hungarus Consciousness’ in the Age of Early Nationalism 64 Ambrus Miskolczy 4 Before and After 1773: Central European Jesuits, the Politics of Language and Discourses of Identity in the Late Eighteenth Century Habsburg Monarchy 95 Per Pippin Aspaas and László Kontler Part 2 Dilemmas of Latin in Education and Media 5 The Enlightenment’s Choice of Latin: The Ratio educationis of 1777 in the Kingdom of Hungary 121 Teodora Shek Brnardić vi contents 6 The Long Road of Hungarian Media to Multilingualism: On the Replacement of Latin in the Kingdom of Hungary in the Course of the Eighteenth Century 152 Andrea Seidler 7 The Language Question and the Paradoxes of Latin Journalism in Eighteenth-Century Hungary 166 Piroska Balogh Part 3 The Other Hungarians 8 From the Aftermath of 1784 to the Illyrian Turn: The Slow Demise of the Official Latin in Croatia 193 Lav Šubarić 9 The Latin Speeches in the Croatian Parliament: Collective and Personal Identities 218 Zvjezdana Sikirić Assouline 10 Latin as the Panslavonic Language, 1790–1848 237 Alexander Maxwell 11 Latin and Vernacular Relations in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries: The Serbian Case 256 Nenad Ristović 12 Romans, Romanians and Latin-Speaking Hungarians: The Latin Language in the Hungarian-Romanian Intellectual Discourse of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century 278 Levente Nagy Index 307 List of Illustrations Map Kingdom of Hungary at the Beginning of the 19th Century xii–xiii Figures 4.1 Maximilian Hell, Map of Karelia, the original homeland of Hungarians 109 5.1 Frontispice from Christophorus Cellarius, Latinitatis probatae et exercitae liber memorialis (Posonii 1777) 120 7.1 Title page of the Ephemerides Vindobonenses 174 7.2 The title page of the Ephemerides Budenses 180 Diagrams 1 The output of the printing presses in Hungary 5 2 The language of books reviewed in the Ephemerides Budenses 182 List of Contributors Gábor Almási is an external research assistant at the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Neo-Latin Studies (Innsbruck) and senior researcher of the research group “Humanism in East Central Europe” (ELTE, Budapest). He obtained his PhD from Central European University (Budapest). His fields of interest include 15th–17th-century intellectual history, religious history, history of science, patri- otism, and later nationalism. Among other publications, he is author of The Uses of Humanism: Andreas Dudith (1533−1589), Johannes Sambucus (1531−1584), and the East Central European Republic of Letters (Leiden 2009). Per Pippin Aspaas is a librarian and researcher at the University Library of Tromsø. He studied Latin and Greek philology and defended his PhD at the University of Oslo (Maximilianus Hell [1720–1792] and the Eighteenth-Century Transits of Venus: A Study of Jesuit Science in Nordic and Central European Contexts). Among others he is the co-author of the book Geomagnetism by the North Pole, anno 1769: The Magnetic Observations of Maximilian Hell during his Venus Transit Expedition (Centaurus 49, no. 2, 2007). Piroska V. Balogh is a lecturer at the Institute of Hungarian Culture and Literature at the Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), where she has obtained her PhD. She specializes in the cultural and educational history of 18th–19th-century Hungary, in questions of neo-humanism and neo-Latin culture. She is the author of the monograph Ars scientiae. Közelítések Schedius Lajos János tudományos pályájának doku- mentumaihoz [Ars scientiae. An approach to the documents of Ludwig Johann Schedius’s scientific career] (Debrecen 2007). She has also prepared various critical editions of neo-Latin texts. Henrik Hőnich is a PhD student at the history department of Eötvös Loránd University of Budapest (ELTE). He has studied the political languages of the late 18th and 19th century. His last paper (in Hungarian) was entitled “Aspects of the relation between language and national community as reflected in the idea of national decline at the end of the 18th c.” His Hungarian language doctoral disserta- tion The Uses of ‘Nation’: Fight for the Dominant National Interpretation in Late 18th-century Hungary will be defended in 2015. list of contributors ix László Kontler is a professor of the History Department and current pro-rector of the Central European University in Budapest. He graduated and obtained his PhD from the Eötvös Loránd University of Budapest. His main fields of interest are early modern intellectual history, the history of political thought, scientific knowl- edge production, and the history of the Enlightenment. He is an editorial committee member of the journal European Review of History and an advisory board member for a number of different journals. Among other publications, he is the author of the book Millennium in Central Europe: A History of Hungary (Basingstoke 2002). István Margócsy is the head of department at the Institute of Hungarian Culture and Literature at the Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE). His studies and research comprise most aspects of the culture and literature of the 18th–19th centuries, but he fre- quently publishes critiques of contemporary literature. Among others, he has published a monograph on the greatest poet of romanticism, Sándor Petőfi, Hungary’s ‘national poet,’ and several volumes of collected articles. His most recent volume (“. a férfikor nyarában. .” [“. the summer of adulthood . .”]) appeared in 2013 in Budapest. Alexander Maxwell completed his PhD at the University of Wisconsin in 2003. He is a senior lec- turer in history at Victoria University in Wellington, New Zealand. He is the author of Choosing Slovakia: Slavic Hungary, the Czechoslovak Language, and Accidental Nationalism (London 2009), and Patriots Against Fashion: Clothing and Nationalism in Europe’s Age of Revolutions (Basingstoke 2014). He has pub- lished several works on Slavic linguistic nationalism, including an English translation of Jan Kollar’s book on Slavic Reciprocity. He has also written about nationalism in daily life, nationalism theory, and the history of pedagogy. Ambrus Miskolczy is a professor of the Department of Romanian Language and Culture at Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), and the current head of the department. His inter- est ranges from subjects of Romanian-Transylvanian history to questions of modern intellectual history, nationalism, modernization, Enlightenment, the Age of Reform and the interpretation of important historical figures from the past. He has published more than 260 scholarly papers and 27 monographs. His monographic series on Ferenc Kazinczy appeared in four volumes from 2009–2010. x list of contributors Levente Nagy is senior lecturer of the Department of Romanian Language and Culture at Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE). His research has concerned different aspects of the Hungarian-Romanian cultural relationship in the 16th–19th centuries with an emphasis on the Romanian Reformation and Romanian historical literature in the Latin language. His monographs have been dedicated to the question of the Reformation and the figure of Luigi Ferdinando Marsili. Nenad Ristović is an assistant professor at the University of Belgrade, Department of Classics, where he completed his undergraduate (1994), graduate (1999) and doctoral degrees (2004). His field of interest includes the Christian