Perspectives on Advancing Governance & Development from the Global Forum for Media Development media matters media matters Acknowledgements Internews Europe and the Global Forum on Media Development (GFMD) wish to thank the following people and organisations for their advice and support in compiling this publication: Sina Odugbemi, Eaimonn Taylor and Richard Rose, UK Department for International Development (DFID); Markus Dürst, the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC); Monroe Price, Director, Project for Global Communication Studies, Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania; Stanhope Centre for Communications Policy Research, UK; Communication and Information Sector, UNESCO; Annette Makino, Internews Network. Editor: Mark Harvey Associate Editors: Kathleen Reen, John West Assistant Editors: Susan Abbott, Antonio Lambino Editorial Support: Myriam Horngren, Jacky Davies Production Management: Myriam Horngren Production Coordination: Katy Pearce Design: Smith & Manz Design Partnership, Kyle Cassidy E-Distribution: Eric Johnson Printing: Images at Work, Beijing Publisher: Internews Europe Creative Commons Media Matters is licensed under creative commons using a non-commercial attribution 2.5 deed. You may not use this work for commercial purposes. For any use or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. Your fair use and other rights are in no way affected by the above. More information available on: http://creativecommons.org/about/licenses/ Disclaimer Media Matters is an independent publication, published by Internews Europe on behalf of the Global Forum on Media Development (GFMD). The content of the Executive Summary and individual articles do not necessarily reflect the official views of Internews Europe, individual GFMD Steering Committee member organizations, the Annenberg School, DFID or the SDC. Picture credits: Mark Edwards Still Pictures/Internews/Panos Pictures 2 MEDIA MATTERS Contents 5 Foreword: Alpha Oumar Konaré, Chairperson, Africa Union 7 Executive summary and Overview Section I: Why Media Matters: Global Perspectives 19 Information Equality: the Third Revolution, David Hoffman, President, Internews Network, Chair, Global Forum on Media Development. 22 Integrating Approaches to Good Governance, Press Freedom and Intercultural Tolerance, Sashi Tharoor, Under-Secretary General for Communication and Public Information, United Nations 28 Media Development and Speech in the Public Sphere, Thomas Jacobson, Temple University 35 Why the Media Matters: the Relevance of the Media to Tackling Poverty, James Deane, Communication for Social Change Consortium 45 Gender Inequality, Media and Development, Margaret Gallagher, International Media Consultant 50 Access to the Electromagnetic Spectrum is a Foundation for Development, Christian Sandvig, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 55 Media, Governance and Development: An Empirical Perspective that Challenges Convention, Daniel Kaufmann, World Bank Institute Section II: How Media Matters: Measuring its Impact 59 Moving Media: The Case for the Role of Communications in Meeting the MDGs, Warren Feek, The Communication Initiative 66 The Role of the Free Press in Promoting Democratization, Good Governance and Human Development, Pippa Norris, Harvard University and Democratic Governance Group, UNDP 76 Measuring Change in Media Systems: The Media Sustainability Index, Mark Whitehouse, IREX 81 A Monitoring and Evaluation Toolkit for Media Development: What do available indicators and integrative approaches have to offer?, Antonio Lambino II, Alexandra Tebay and Sarah Buzby, Annenberg School for Communication 89 A Road Map for Monitoring and Evaluation in the Media Development Sector, Alan Davis, Institute of War and Peace Reporting Section III: Challenges in Media Matters: Practitioner Experiences 95 The Enabling Environment for Free and Independent Media, Monroe Price, Annenberg School, University of Pennsylvania, and Peter Krug, University of Oklahoma College of Law 103 Strategies for Media Development, Ann Hudock, The Asia Foundation 109 Affordable Capital: Turning Press Freedom Heroes into Entrepreneurs, MEDIA MATTERS: contents MEDIA MATTERS: Sasa Vucinic, Media Development Loan Fund 3 115 Ideological, Legal, Economic and Professional Obstacles to Media Development in Africa, Jeanette Minnie, Consultant, Zambezi Fox 122 A Rich Complex Landscape: Challenges and Advances in Media Development in Latin America, Jaime Abello Banfi, Fundación Nuevo Periodismo Iberoamericano 128 Arab Media Lagging Behind: Freedom of Expression, Lost Credibility and the Rise of Independent Media, Ibrahim Nawar, Arab Press Freedom Watch 134 Media Assistance in the Former Soviet Union: A Job Well done?, Manana Aslamazyan, Internews Russia 139 Staying Alive: Media Independence in South East Asia, Kavi Chongkittavorn, The Nation, and the Southeast Asian Press Alliance 144 Media Development in Challenging Environments: Uzbekistan after Andijan, Andrew Stroehlein, the International Crisis Group 150 Crisis and Opportunity in the Public Sphere: Lessons from Pakistan’s Earthquake Zones, Adnan Rehmat, Intermedia 154 Media, Development and Governance: Facilitating Local Analysis of Global Issues, Teresa Hanley, Jon Barnes and Murali Shanmugavelan, Panos Institute, London 161 Community Radio: Perspectives on Media Reach and Audience Access, Marcelo Solervicens, World Association of Community Radio Broadcasters (AMARC) 165 Global Health – Local News: The Need to Build Independent Journalism into the Public Health Agenda, Ron MacInnis, Internews Network 171 The Nexus between Independent Journalists’ Unions, Press Freedom and Poverty Eradication, Christopher Warren, International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) Section IV: Section 4: Mapping the Sector: Literature, Surveys & Resources 179 Participatory Diffusion or Semantic Confusion?, Adam Rogers, United Nations Capital Development Fund 188 Media Development: The Case for Research, Susan Abbott, Annenberg School for Communication 194 Mapping the Media Asssistance Sector: Mapping the Sector, Ellen Hume, University of Massachusetts 201 Selected Resources, Laura Stein, Katy Pearce and Myriam Horngren 220 List of Organisations that attended the Inaugural Global Forum on Media Development, Amman, Jordan, October 2005 222 GFMD Steering Committee, Regional Fora and Coordination (2006 – 2008) MEDIA MATTERS: contents MEDIA MATTERS: 4 Foreword In 1991 I was privileged to launch Mali’s first independent FM station ‘Radio Bamakan’. Fifteen years on, my country has one of the most vibrant independent radio sectors in Africa. In Northern Mali, for instance, community stations now cover in depth the annual official performance review of their local communes. The mayors of poorly performing communes who have had their budgets reduced are said to avoid recriminations from their constituents who listen to these radio broadcasts. Independent media has been described as the lynchpin or connective tissue of democracy. The experience of Mali certainly provides strong evidence to support this. “A central objective of the African Union is the The Africa Union (AU) is Africa’s premier institution promotion of democracy, for the social and economic integration of the continent. A central objective of the Union is the popular participation promotion of democracy, popular participation and and good governance.” good governance. Improving governance lies at the heart of the new vision for the revival and development of Africa - the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) - adopted by the member states of the Africa Union. In parts of the continent there are signs that a new generation of liberalised media is starting to play an important role as a watchdog, and a public platform for debate and the mediation of conflict. It is no coincidence, therefore, that the member states have formally adopted the effectiveness of independent media in informing the public as a key indicator of progress in creating honest, transparent and accountable government. MEDIA MATTERS: foreword MEDIA MATTERS: 5 It is no easy task to create the conditions for the independent media sector to remain autonomous from government and corporate interference and relevant to the growing needs of their audiences. It is even more of a challenge to document the positive impact that “ Media Matters has healthy media systems are making significant implications on progress towards the 2015 international development targets, for all policy-makers the Millennium Development concerned to see no Goals. The publication Media country is excluded from Matters represents a significant the political , social and achievement in both of these areas. Blending arguments from leading economic benefits that academics with the experiences of free and independent media assistance professionals, it media bring.” presents a cogent case for weaving media and communications assistance into the very fabric of development policy. The UN’s lead contributor to Media Matters, Under-Secretary General Shashi Tharoor, argues that ‘in the modern globalizing world, information sows the seeds of prosperity, and those without access to information are at a distinct disadvantage when it comes to building a better future for themselves and their children’. Media Matters has significant implications for all policy-makers concerned to see no country is excluded from the political, social and economic benefits that free and independent media bring. It merits, therefore, careful