Timeline / 1890 to 1920 Date Country Theme 1890 - 1920 Tunisia Cities And Urban Spaces The 20th century is undoubtedly one of urbanisation. Outside the Arab medina a new city develops to host the many Europeans who have arrived to promote development of the colonial economy. 1890 - 1900 Tunisia Fine And Applied Arts Construction of public and private buildings in the arabisance style, which proposes a synthesis of European architectural styles with Arab and Spanish-North African architecture. 1890 - 1910 Tunisia Migrations Emergence of a new European-inspired city outside the Arab medina with a multitude of buildings built in the European style. 1890 - 1892 Romania Cities And Urban Spaces In Bucharest a fire tower is built from the plans of the chief architect of the city, George Mandrea. It is both a watchtower, used by firemen to keep the city under observation to rapidly intervene in case of a fire, and a reservoir for water distribution in the eastern part of Bucharest. 1890 France Reforms And Social Changes On 1 May, Labour Day is celebrated for the first time. 1890s United Arab Emirates (Sharjah) Political Context There is a notable increase in the activity of foreign powers – especially Ottoman Turkey, France and Russia – in the Gulf region. Germany also makes its first appearance. The main interests for all of them are economic and geostrategic. 1890 Italy Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The Cavalleria rusticana by Pietro Mascagni (1863–1945) has a great success, marking the beginning of verismo (Italian realism) in music, which intends to portray the world of peasants and the poor through strong and passionate drama. The singing style changes radically, leaving behind the aesthetics of bel canto and turning to reciting, even shouting, and spoken parts in the most exciting dramatic moments. 1890 Italy Reforms And Social Changes For the first time, trade unions organise celebrations for May Day as the International Worker’s Day. 1890 Egypt Reforms And Social Changes Date Country Theme The Alexandria Sporting Club is built; it is one of the oldest clubs in Egypt. 1890 - 1920 Spain Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion “Alhambrismo” in music. From 1890 many composers produce pieces showing the influence of the Alhambra, e.g.Chapi's Los Gnomos de la Alhambra (1889), Debussy’s Lindaraja (composed in 1901) and La puerta del vino (1912–13). The most important piece is the first movement of Noches en los Jardines de España (1909–15) by Manuel de Falla, titled "En los Jardines del Generalife". 1890 Spain Reforms And Social Changes Suffrage established for men aged 25 years and above. Although the 1812 Constitution had theoretically established “universal” suffrage for men, during most of the 19th century it had been limited to men above a certain economic level. It was not until 1931, under the Second Republic, that the suffrage became truly universal, including women. 1890 - 1908 Portugal Political Context The British Ultimatum (11 January 1890) pressures Portugal to withdraw from southern Africa resulting in popular outrage and unrest. The bankruptcy of 1892, anti-monarchic sentiment against King Carlos I, the cost of living and unfulfilled popular needs are major drivers of the Republican movement. 1890 Portugal Cities And Urban Spaces The railway station of Rossio (Lisbon) designed by the Portuguese architect José Luís Monteiro, begun in 1886 and inaugurated on 23 November of 1890. Located in the historical centre, the Rossio station follows the neo-Manueline architectural style and is an important building of the 19th-century late Romantic style. 1890 - 1899 Italy Migrations Average annual Italian migration (temporary and permanent, to nearest 1,000): France 26,000, USA 51,000; Argentina 37,000; Brazil 58,000. 1890 - 1910 Germany Fine And Applied Arts The paintings by Heinrich Vogeler, Das Konzert (Sommerabend) (1893), and Gustav Klimt, Der Kuss (1908), exemplify the period in art known as Jugendstil or Art Nouveau. 1890s - Around 1900 Germany Migrations After the United States, the German Empire was the most popular country of immigration. 1890s Germany Migrations The Prussian policy of Abwehrpolitik sees Polish seasonal workers in agriculture forced to leave the German Empire during winter. Date Country Theme 1890 - 1910 Germany Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The era of Modern literature (i.e. the works of Hesse, Hauptmann, Mann and Zweig) is characterised by pluralism, the merging of Art Nouveau, Symbolism, Impressionism, etc. 1890s Germany Reforms And Social Changes Sigmund Freud formulates his theory of psychoanalysis in Vienna. 1890 Germany Reforms And Social Changes Emperor Wilhelm II dismisses Bismarck; and so begins the era of the emperor’s personal regiment. 1890 Lebanon Cities And Urban Spaces Khan Antun Bey Square evolves after the construction of the great Ottoman jetty and quays from 1890 that changes the design of the urban area. 1890 Turkey Great Inventions Of The 19th Century 16 September: Sailing frigate Ertu#rul sinks while returning from a goodwill voyage to Japan off the coast of Oshima in a typhoon that kills all but 69 of its 609 crew. 1890 Turkey Fine And Applied Arts Müfide Kadri is born (d. 1912). One of the early female painters, she took private classes from Osman Hamdi Bey. 1891 Tunisia Economy And Trade Monetary reform: the administration of the protectorate decides to replace the Tunisian monetary unit the “piastre” with the French Franc. 1891 Austria Fine And Applied Arts The Museum of Applied Arts in Vienna purchases the Karabakh carpet in Istanbul. 1891 Italy Reforms And Social Changes First Chambers of Labour (territorial trade unions) founded in Milan. 1891 Greece Economy And Trade An insurance company for sea transportation is founded on the island of Chios. 1891 Portugal Reforms And Social Changes October: Domitilia de Carvalho is the first woman to study at the University of Coimbra. She is obliged to wear black, sober costumes and a discreet hat to Date Country Theme go unnoticed among her male colleagues. A brilliant student she graduated in mathematics (1894), philosophy (1895) and medicine (1904). 1891 Germany Reforms And Social Changes Founding of the Pan-German League (Allgemeine Deutsche Verband; since 1894 the General German Association or Alldeutscher Verband) to advance an active, nationalistic German foreign policy in Europe and overseas. 1891 Turkey Fine And Applied Arts Fausto Zonaro (1854–1929) arrives in #stanbul as an independent artist. He receives the title of court painter in 1896. 1891 Turkey Rediscovering The Past 13 June: The Archaeology Museum in Istanbul is opened. 1891 - 1892 Turkey Rediscovering The Past Osman Hamdi Bey excavates in Lagina. 1891 Turkey Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Ahmed Vefik Pa#a dies. Besides his administrative positions, he is regarded as a precursor of Turkish cultural nationalism and remembered also for contributing to the development of Western theatre in the empire by translating French plays. 1892 - 1914 Tunisia Great Inventions Of The 19th Century Development of the railway network connects the city of Tunis with its hinterland. The network serves the large cities by connecting them with the agricultural centres created by colonisation. 1892 - 1914 Tunisia Economy And Trade Development of a railway network connecting the city of Tunis with its hinterland. 1892 - 1895 Romania Political Context In 1892 a delegation of 237 Romanians sends Emperor Franz Joseph a Memorandum protesting against the discriminatory effects of the union of Transylvania with Hungary (1867). In 1893 the signatories of the petition are sent for trial at the end of which, in May 1894, they are sentenced to prison. However, in 1895 the Emperor amnesties them. 1892 France Rediscovering The Past Excavations at Delos and Delphi by the French School of Athens. 1892 France Reforms And Social Changes The Law on Health and Hygiene at work is passed. Date Country Theme 1892 United Arab Emirates (Sharjah) Political Context The British government effectively becomes the ruler of the Trucial Coast when the sheikhs are forced to pledge that neither they nor their descendants will enter agreements with or grant territorial rights to any government or their representatives other than Britain. 1892 - 1898 Italy Great Inventions Of The 19th Century Hydroelectric power plants are built in Tivoli (1892) and Paderno d’Adda (1898) and the power they generated is transported to, respectively, Rome and Milan. 1892 Italy Political Context Italian Socialist Party founded. 1892 Egypt Cities And Urban Spaces Muntazah Palace is constructed for Khedive ‘Abbas, which he uses as both a hunting lodge and residence for his companion. 1892 Egypt Travelling The Greco-Roman Museum of Alexandria is created. 1892 Spain International Exhibitions European and American Historical Exhibitions held in the Palacio de la Biblioteca y Museos Nacionales, Madrid, celebrating the fourth centennial of the discovery of America. 1892 Portugal Cities And Urban Spaces 18 August: Praça de Touros do Campo Pequeno (Campo Pequeno Bullring) opens its doors with a gala show. Built in an area assigned to the Casa Pia (educational establishment for children in need) by the city of Lisbon in 1889 the bullring was designed by the architect António José Dias da Silva (1848–1912) and inspired by Madrid's bullring. 1892 Portugal Economy And Trade 13 June: bankruptcy is declared in Portugal causing tremendous popular outrage. The deficit in the public finances, the dependence on foreign funding and incipient industrialisation are contributing factors to this crisis. 1892 Turkey Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Fatma Âliye (1862–1939), female novelist and publisher, publishes Muhâdarât (Reminiscence). Her feminist attitude was apparent in her rejection of marriage for economic reasons, believing in the need for women to join the workforce. 1893 Qatar Political Context Date Country Theme The Battle of al-Wajba is a victory for Sheikh Jassim and Qatar. This represents a decisive moment in the nation's history, asserting Qatar's independence from direct Ottoman interference.