Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2006 Burial in Florida: Culture, Ritual, Health, and Status: The Archaic to Seminole Periods David Klingle Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] The Florida State University College of Arts and Sciences Burial in Florida: Culture, Ritual, Health, and Status: The Archaic to Seminole Periods David Klingle A Thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts Degree Awarded: Spring Semester 2006 The members of the Committee approve the thesis of David Klingle defended on February 24, 2006. Glen H. Doran Professor Directing Thesis Rochelle A. Marrinan Committee Member William Parkinson Committee Member Approved: Dean Falk, Chair, Department of Anthropology The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Glen H. Doran and Dr. Rochelle A. Marrinan of Florida State University for all their patience, input, and hard work in helping me to compose this thesis. They were always there to answer questions, listen to my problems, suggest or even provide sources of data, and give me advice on new approaches to my material. Furthermore, I should acknowledge my copy editor Kathleen Wood for reading over the entire thesis and finding all the typos I missed. I would like to recognize the works of several authors who inspired this thesis. Dr Jerome Rose and Richard Steckel for their book, “The Backbone of History.” It helped to influence my methodology to create my status and heath indexes. Elizabeth O’Brien for her “Post Roman Britain to Anglo-Saxon England Burial Practices” from the British Archaeological Reports, which showed me it was possible to plot burial ritual evidence for dozens of sites and use the data to understand widespread ethnic and cultural changes. Furthermore, I am indebted to Dale Hutchinson, Jerald Milanich and all the other archaeologists who have struggled to put together Florida’s archaeological record and gave me the data to create this thesis. I would also like to thank Dr. Alan Gilbert of Fordham University my first archaeology professor, and the professors at Cambridge University, especially Dr. Catherine Hills, whose teachings and in-depth help made me fascinated with the use of burial evidence to understand the world. Finally I am indebted to my friends and family. I would like to thank my friend Kambiz Etesami, and few others who always helped to keep me sane and encouraged me when this and other projects seemed overwhelming. I also would to thank my family for getting me interested in history and archaeology and giving me the ability to organize and analyze types of large amounts of data, which became my thesis. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ....................................................................................................................vi List of Figures............................................................................................................... .viii Abstract.............................................................................................................................ix Note about Citation information for Tables and Figures..............................................x CHAPTER 1: The State of Burial Study in Florida and A Methodology for Its Analysis ........................................................................................................................1 1. The Problems of Archaeological Analysis for Precolumbian Florida..............1 2. Research and Goals..........................................................................................5 3. Analysis and Methodology .............................................................................13 4. Conclusion ......................................................................................................29 CHAPTER 2: Environments, History, and Cultures of Florida ................................31 1. Environments of Florida .................................................................................31 2. History and Culture:........................................................................................33 I. Paleoindian Period (12,000- 9,500 BP) ........................................33 II. Archaic Period (7,500- 500 BC) ...................................................35 III. Deptford Culture (500 BC- AD 200)............................................36 IV. Swift Creek Culture (AD 150- 500)..............................................37 V. St. Johns Culture (500 BC- AD 1565)..........................................37 VI. Manasota Culture (500 BC- AD 800)...........................................39 VII. Caloosahatchee Culture (500 BC- AD 1500) ...............................40 VIII. Belle Glade Culture (500 BC- AD 1700) .....................................41 IX. Glades Culture (500 BC- AD 1513) .............................................42 X. Weeden Island Culture (AD 200- 1000).......................................42 XI. Alachua Culture (AD 500- 1539) .................................................44 XII. Fort Walton Culture (AD 1000-1600) ..........................................44 XIII. Safety Harbor Culture (AD 900-1725) .........................................45 XIV. Mission and Seminole Periods (AD 1565-1845)..........................47 CHAPTER 3: Type of Site, Size, Layout, and Layers of Burial Sites........................49 1. Type of Site.....................................................................................................49 2. Size of Site ......................................................................................................50 3. Size and Status ................................................................................................52 4. Layout .............................................................................................................57 5. Layers..............................................................................................................59 6. Conclusion ......................................................................................................66 CHAPTER 4: Types of Burials....................................................................................68 1. Primary vs. Secondary Burial .........................................................................68 2. Exact Burial Type ...........................................................................................73 3. Status...............................................................................................................78 4. Orientation ......................................................................................................80 iv 5. Conclusion ......................................................................................................82 CHAPTER 5: Grave Goods ...........................................................................................83 1. Pottery...................................................................................................................83 2. Most Common Artifacts .......................................................................................87 3. Individual Burials with Grave Goods ...................................................................93 4. Individual Furnished Burial: Sex and Age............................................................97 5. Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 100 CHAPTER 6: The Biological Analysis of Burials..................................................... .102 1. Sex and Age ....................................................................................................... .102 2. Dental Health ..................................................................................................... .114 3. Other Heath Indicators....................................................................................... .120 4. Conclusion ......................................................................................................... .130 CHAPTER 7: Status and Hierarchy.......................................................................... .133 1. High Status Grave Goods: Overall Context....................................................... .133 2. High Status Grave Goods: Individual Burial Context ....................................... .139 3. Individual High Status Burials: Based on Grave Goods, Demographics, and Layers................................................................................................................. .140 4. Calculating Status and Ranking Sites ................................................................ .152 5. Conclusions: Status, Burial Ritual, and Biological Analysis............................. .165 CHAPTER 8: Conclusions and Final Remarks ........................................................ .169 APPENDIX A: Sites not used in Study:..................................................................... .176 APPENDIX B: Sites Summaries................................................................................. .183 BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................................................ .300 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .....................................................................................