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Proauest Information and Leaming 300 North Zeeb Raad, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 THE INDONESIAN ARMY AND POLITICAL ISLAM: • A POLITICAL ENCOUNTER 1966-1977 SafruI Muluk A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty ofArts and Science In Partial FuJfi1Jment of the Requirement • for the Degree of Master ofArts Institute ofIslamic Studies McGill University Montreal ©Safrul Muluk • National Library Btiiothèque nationale 1+1 of Canada . du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie SeMees services bibliographiques 385 WIIingIan StrNt 385. rua Welinglan oaa-ON K1A0N4 0IawaON K1A 0N4 CM8da CMIda The author bas granted a nOD­ L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library ofCanada ta Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, lom, distnbute or sen reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies oftbis thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership ofthe L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in tbis thesis. Neither the droit d'autem qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts from it Ni la thèse Di des extraits substantiels may he printed or otherwise de cene-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the autbor's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. 0-612-70615-X Canadl .' '" AB8TRACT • . Author Safrol Muluk Title of Thesis : The Indonesian Armyand Political Islam: A Political Encounter 1966-1977 Department Institute ofIslamic Studies, McGill University Master ofArts The main objective of this study is ta analyze the politica1 struggle between the Indonesian army and Islamic political parties in the New Order era between 1966-1977. The historica1 background of the involvement of the army in palitics and the attempt of poUtical Islam ta • establish an Islamic state is a central issue that characterized the reIationship between these two groups. When the New Order came to power in 1966, it bas exercised strict control over politically organized Islam. With the army emerged as the most significant political force, there was no choice for poIitica1 Islam except to reformulate its politica1 agenda in order to suit national development program undertaken by the military backed govemment. The future of political Islam and the involvement of the army in the social and politica1 arena in Indonesia field has since then been central to the development of politica1 system in that country. ü RÉSUMÉ Auteur : Safrul Muluk Titre : L'armée indonésienne et l'Islam politique: Une rencontre politique 1966-1977 Département : Institut des Études Islamiques, Université McGill Diplôme : Maitrise ès Arts L'objectif premier de cetteétudeestd'analyser la lutte politique entre l'année indonésienne et les partis politiques islamiques à l'époque de l'Ordre Nouveau (1966-1977). Le contexte historique de l'implication de l'armée dans les affaires politiques ainsi que la tentative de l'Islam politique pour établir un état islamique est l'enjeu principal qui a caractérisé les relations entre ces deux groupes. Lorsque l'Ordre Nouveau est parvenu au pouvoir en 1966, celui-ci a exercé un • controle strict sur l'Islam organisé politiquement. Alors que l'armée devenait la force politique la plus importante, l'Islam politique n'avait pas d'autre choix que de refonnuler ses objectifs afin de de se canfonnerau programme de dével~ppement national entrepris parle gouvernement. L'avenir de l'Islam politique ainsi que l'implication, de l'armée dans l'arène. socio- politique en Indonésie furent détenninant dans le développement du système politique de ce pays. iü ,,-.., • ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of an, 1 would like to express my gratitude ta Prof. A. Uner Turgay, my academic advisor and supervisor, for bis supervision and valuable advice throughout my study. 1 would aIso like ta thank Ms. Salwa Ferahian of Library of the Institute of Islamic Stuclies for her assistance in my research. My gratitude aIso goes ta the Library staff who assisted me in locating research materials. 1 aIso owe thanks to Marc Munro and Steve Miller who helped me to edit my work and ta overcome my clifficulties in English grammar. 1 would like to express my gratitude ta the Canadian Intemational Development Agency (eIDA) for providing me with fmancial assistance ta • studyat McGill University. 1 wauld aIso like to tliank Ms. Wendy Allen, the Director of the MCGill-lndonesia IAIN Development Project, and her staff bath in Jakarta and Montreal. Finally, 1 am indebted ta my lovely wife, Kausari, who has always given me encouragement to complete this thesis. To my parents, Haji Abu Safir and Bunda, 1 owe an enarmaus debt ofgratitude. Montreal, May 2000. S.M • iv )e SPELLIlIG AlID TRAlfSLITERATIOK In transliteration of the Arabie names and terms in this thesis, 1 have used the transliteration scheme employed at the Institute ofIslamie Studies, McGill University. Indonesian terms in this thesis are written according to the latest Indonesian spelling (1972); for Indonesian names the spelling is retained which the persons themselves used or use. The only differences between the oid and the new system of spelling are that ch, dj, oe, and tj ~mekh, j, u, and c. The main differences in transliteration !rom Arabic and Indonesian are: Arabie English Indonesian Arabie EngUsh Indonesian cS th ts ~ dl • ~ 11 h P ", th , C kh ch/th P ~ dh ) dh dz ~ ~\ sh sy -' w u/w Cf' , sh Foreign words and phrases are italicized. v .", LIST OF ABBRBVIATIORS • Abangan = nominal Muslim ABRI = Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia (Armed Forces of the Republic ofIndonesia) DPR = Dewan Perwa1dlan Rakyat (People's Representative Council, Parliament) Dwüungsi = dual function GBHN = Garis - Garis Besar Haluan Negara (Broad Outlines of State Policies) Golkar =Golongan Kazya (Functional Group) HMI = Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam (Association ofMuslim University Student) KAMI = Kesatuan Aksi MahasiswaIndonesia (Action Front of Indonesian University Students) Korpri -= Korps Pegawai Republik Indonesia (Corps ofGovernment • Workers ofthe Republik of Indonesia) Masyumi = Majelis Syuro MusUmin Indonesia (Consultative CouncU ofIndonesian Muslim) MPR =Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (People's Consultative Council) Nasakom. = Nasionalis, Agama, Komunis ( Nationalists, Religious Groups, and Communists) NU =Nahd1atul Ulama ( Renaissance ofthe Ulama) Pannusi = Partai Muslimin Indonesia (Indonesian Muslim Party) POl = Partai DemoIaa:si Indonesia (Indonesian Democratie Party) Permesta = Perjuangan SemestaAlam (Inclusive Struggle) vi ~ Pern =Pergerakan Tarbiyah IsIamiyah (Islamic Educational MovementJ • PlI =Pelajar Islam Indonesia (Indonesian Muslim Student) PKI =Pattai Komunis rndonesia (Indonesian Communist Party) PNI =Partai Nasional Indonesia"(Indonesian National Party) PRRI =Pemerintah Revolusioner Republik Indonesia (Revolutionary Govemment ofthe Republic of Indonesia) Santri = devout Muslim. • vii o • TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract .............................•...................•........................•..•........ il Resume ....................................................................................... iii AckIlowledgrn.ents ..... ................... ................ ...... ............ iv Spelling and Transliteration '....................................................... ..... v List ofAbbrevi.ations .•... .. .. vi. ... Table ofContents ........~ ......•...••..•.•......•...•..•......••....•........•..•........ ~ Intraduction ............................................................................ ....... 1 CIlAPTER ORE: THE MILITARY ABD POLITICAL ISLAM OP TO 1965: THE BARLY BIICOURTER A. Revolutionary Period (1945-1949) ~ 10 • B. The, Army's Doctrinal Thinking 18 C. Parliamentary Democracy Period (1950-1959)............ 26 D. The Guided Democracy Period (1959-1965) 32 CIlAPTER TWO: THE MlLITARY ABD POLITICAL ISLAM UBDER THE NEW ORDBR REGIME (1966-1977) A. The "Rise" ofthe Army . 40 B. The New Order's Policies on Islam. 52 a. Political Issue 55 b. Religious Affairs . 63 c. The Debates on the Concept ofDual Function of the Army ....•....•....•.•.........................................•... 65 vili CRAPTER TBREE: THE FUTURE OF POLITICAL ISLAM AlfD THE DUAL FUlfCTIOlf 01' IlmOlfESlAR ARMY lIf THE BE\\' ORDBR REGIME A. The Future of Politicallslam 73 B. Modernization Issue 76 D. The Future of the Dual Function ofthe Army 82 CONCLUSION •.•.•...•••....••.•.•.••.....••.•...•...•......•....•.....................• 88 • Dt