Vendeltida hjälmar och hjälmbärare Studier av konstruktion, kontext och betydelse Eric Östergren Institutionen för arkeologi och antikens kultur Examensarbete 30 hp Masteruppsats i arkeologi Vårterminen 2015 Handledare: Anders Carlsson Innehållsförteckning 1. Inledning ............................................................................................. 1 Översikt över hjälmfynd ................................................................................... 3 Hjälmarnas ursprung ....................................................................................... 3 Andra hjälmar ................................................................................................. 3 Hjälmarnas konstruktion .................................................................................. 4 1.1 Syfte ........................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Frågeställningar ............................................................................................ 5 1.3 Material, metod och teori ............................................................................... 5 1.4 Disposition ................................................................................................... 9 2. Hjälmar i texter och bilder ................................................................... 9 2.1 Beowulf ......................................................................................................10 2.2 Runstenar ...................................................................................................12 Namnskick .....................................................................................................12 Bilder ............................................................................................................13 2.3 Den västnordiska litteraturen ........................................................................13 2.4 Smycken och figuriner ..................................................................................14 2.5 Textilier från Oseberg ...................................................................................15 2.6 Bilder på hjälmornament ...............................................................................15 2.7 Om avbildningar och beskrivningar ................................................................16 Kvinnor och hjälmar .......................................................................................16 Horn på hjälmar .............................................................................................16 3. Båtgravarna ...................................................................................... 17 3.1 Sutton Hoo ..................................................................................................17 3.2 Vendel ........................................................................................................19 Grav I ...........................................................................................................20 Grav X ..........................................................................................................21 Grav XI .........................................................................................................22 Grav XII ........................................................................................................22 Grav XIV .......................................................................................................23 3.3 Valsgärde....................................................................................................23 Grav 5 ..........................................................................................................24 Grav 6 ..........................................................................................................24 Grav 7 ..........................................................................................................25 Grav 8 ..........................................................................................................26 3.4 Ultuna ........................................................................................................26 3.5 Hjälmarna i båtgravarna ...............................................................................27 4. Brandgravar ...................................................................................... 29 4.1 Uppland ......................................................................................................30 Gamla Uppsala, Östhögen ...............................................................................30 Rickeby .........................................................................................................31 Inhåleskullen .................................................................................................31 Rinkeby .........................................................................................................32 Broby ............................................................................................................32 Helgö ............................................................................................................33 4.2 Gunnerstad i Småland ..................................................................................33 4.3 Lackalänga i Skåne ......................................................................................33 4.4 Södermanland .............................................................................................34 Skrävsta .......................................................................................................34 Spelvik ..........................................................................................................34 Husby ...........................................................................................................35 4.5 Solberga i Östergötland ................................................................................35 4.6 Övriga hjälmfynd från fastlandet ....................................................................35 4.7 Gotland ......................................................................................................36 Broa, VZG 106 ...............................................................................................36 Broa, VZG 113 ...............................................................................................36 Broa, VZG 115 ...............................................................................................37 Broa, VZG 116 ...............................................................................................37 Gudings, VZG 32 ............................................................................................38 Kvie, VZG 81 .................................................................................................38 Endre backe, VZG 119 ....................................................................................38 Barshaldershed, VZG 135 ................................................................................38 Roes, VZG 137 ...............................................................................................39 Hallbjens, VZG 140 .........................................................................................39 Vallstenarum .................................................................................................39 Lösfynd .........................................................................................................39 Övriga fynd ...................................................................................................40 4.8 Hjälmarna i brandgravarna............................................................................41 5. Hjälmar i gravkontexter utanför Sverige ........................................... 43 5.1 Det norska hjälmmaterialet ...........................................................................43 De vendeltida fynden ......................................................................................43 Gjermundbohjälmen .......................................................................................43 5.2 Det danska materialet ..................................................................................43 Det vendeltida fyndet ......................................................................................43 Det vikingatida fyndet från Tjele .......................................................................44 5.3 Övriga Europa .............................................................................................44 Lettland ........................................................................................................44 Kiev ..............................................................................................................44 Nederländerna ...............................................................................................44 Brittiska gravfynd utöver Sutton Hoo ................................................................44 6. Hjälmar i depåer och boplatsmiljöer .................................................. 45 6.1 Uppåkra ......................................................................................................45 6.2 Staffordshire hoard ......................................................................................46 6.3 Hantverksplatser ..........................................................................................46 Torslunda ......................................................................................................46