The Auk 113(2):499-501, 1996 Scanningand Tail-flicking in the Australian Dusky Moorhen ( Gallinula tenebrosa) DAVID A. RYAN, KYLIE M. BAWDEN, KATHRYN T. BERMINGHAM, AND MARK A. ELGAR Departmentof Zoology,University of Melbourne,Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia The Dusky Moorhen (Gallinulatenebrosa), which is Methods.--Dusky Moorhens were observed be- common in swampsand waterways, feeds on seeds tween 1300 and 1700 EST during March 1994 at the and the tips of grassesand shrubs (Marchant and Prince'sLawn in the Royal BotanicalGardens, Mel- Higgins 1993).During the breedingseason, adult male bourne,Victoria (37ø50'S,145øE). The lawn is an open, and female Dusky Moorhensare colorful,with bright grassyarea of about 3 ha, flanked by busheson three orange frontal shields.The color of the shield of fe- sidesand inclining to an ornamentallake towardsthe malesand younger malesfades to black or greenish easternedge. At least25 DuskyMoorhens frequented brown in autumn and winter (Eskell and Garnett 1979). the general vicinity of the lawn at any time. Pacific Juvenileshave a black shield and beak with a green- Black Ducks (Anassuperciliosa) also were seen occa- ish-yellow tip and olive-green legs. Both adult and sionallyon the lawn, foragingamong groups of Dusky juvenile Dusky Moorhens possesswhite undertail co- Moorhens. vers. Like manyother membersof the Rallidae,Dusky The behaviorof Dusky Moorhensforaging on the Moorhens foraging on the ground flick their tails grasswas recordedfrom a gardenbench that afforded vertically, revealing their conspicuousundertail co- a view of most of the study site. The presenceof verts (e.g. Garnett 1978, 1980, Woodland et al. 1980; observerson the benchapparently did not influence but see Ridpath 1972).The function of this behavior the behavior of the birds. Individual Dusky Moor- is poorly understood(see Craig 1982,Alvarez 1993). hens were selectedarbitrarily from throughoutthe There are severalpossible explanations why Dusky study area. We noted the color of the frontal shield Moorhenstail-flick, none of which are mutually ex- of the focal bird and categorizedthe bird as either clusive.First, tail-flicking may signal to conspecifics alone or in a group. A group was defined as four or that a predatoris present,or it may signal a degree more birds within 2 m of each other. Solitary birds of alertnessto a potential predator, thereby discour- were greaterthan 2 m from any conspecific.We also aging pursuit (see Woodland et al. 1980,Craig 1982, noted whether individuals were at the edgeor center Caro 1986).These ideas can only be testedby exam- of the group. A bird was defined asbeing at the edge ining the behaviorof birds in the presenceand ab- of a group if there were no other birds within 1800 senceof predators.Second, tail-flicking may be a con- of the perimeter of the group. We did not collectdata specificsignal of an individual's stateof vigilance or 'for birdsin pairsor triosbecause it wasnot possible perceptionof danger(see Caro 1986).This idea pre- to discern whether individuals were at the center or dictsthat birds that are more vigilant shouldalso tail- edgeof the group.It is probablethat somebirds were flick morefrequently. Finally, tail-flickingmay signal observedmore than once; while this is unlikely to the social status of the individual (Craig 1982), in introduceany systematicbias into the analysis,it may which casetail-flicking ratesshould covary with the reducethe statisticalpower. social status of the individual. The numbersof tail-flicksand proportionof time We investigated whether tail-flicking in Dusky spent scanningwere recordedover a 2-min period, Moorhen representsa conspecificsignal indicating after which another bird was selected. A tail-flick was an individual'sperception of dangerand/or its social defined as a single rapid movementof the tail in an status.We assumethat scanningbehavior is associated upward direction. Birds were recorded as scanning with predator detection(see Lima 1990) and that in- when they lifted up their headsand turned them on dividualsadjust their scanningrates according to their a horizontalplane. Observationperiods were termi- perceivedrisk of predation(Lima and Dill 1990).Nu- nated early if the compositionof the group changed, merousstudies show that scanningrates change with a disturbancecaused the birds to run or fly, or the group size and the locationof individuals within the birds were fed by visitors to the gardens;data from group (seeElgar 1989),which may reflect differences terminated observations were discarded. in the risk of predation (see Lima 1995). Thus, scan- Data were analyzed using proceduresin the pack- ning and tail-flicking ratesshould vary similarly for age SYSTAT5.2 for the Apple Macintoshcomputer individuals in both different-sized groups and dif- (Wilkinson 1992). Tail-flick rates were log(x + 1) ferent locationswithin a group.Additionally, if tail- transformedin order to approximatea normal distri- flicking signalssocial status, then individuals of dif- bution. ferent statusshould differ in tail-flicking rates. Resultsand discussion.--Atwo-way ANOVA, with 499 500 ShortCommunications andCommentaries [Auk,Vol. 113 TABLE1. Scanning and tail-flicking rates (per min; 50. • _+SE) of Dusky Moorhenswith and without de- veloped frontal shields foraging alone, in groups, and at center or edge of groups. n Flicks Scans A. Frontal shield and group sizea Frontal shield present (adults) ß Solitary 17 23.8 7.1 0.39 0.04 Group 27 6.3 2.4 0.19 0.02 ß ß ß ß Frontal shield absent(juveniles) ß Solitary 17 43.8 9.4 0.33 0.05 ß ß ß Group 30 9.1 2.2 0.20 0.02 ß ßß ß oo B. Frontal shield and position in groupb 0 Frontal shield present (adults) 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 Center 7 2.14 2.14 0.14 0.03 Edge 20 7.75 3.08 0.20 0.02 Proportion of time spent scanning Frontal shield absent(juveniles) Fig. 1. Correlationbetween rate of tail-flickingby Center 9 5.00 1.55 0.16 0.03 DuskyMoorhens in groupsof four or more and pro- Edge 21 10.81 2.97 0.22 0.03 portion of time spent vigilant (r = 0.417, P = 0.001, ßTail-flicking rates (log transformed):frontal shield,F,,• • 4.63,P = n = 57). Correlation remainssignificant after remov- 0.03; group size, F• = 18.77, P < 0.001; interaction,F.• = 0.01, ns. ing observation(upper right) of bird that scannedfor Scanrates: frontal shield, F.• = 0.28, ns; group size, F• = 26.72, P < a long time and tail-flickedvery rapidly. 0.001; interaction, F• = 1.11, ns. bTail-flicking rates (log transformed):frontal shield,F,• = 4.24,P < 0.05; position, F•z• = 2.13, ns; interaction,F,• = 0.21, ns. Scanrates: frontal shield,F• = 0.37, ns;position, F,z• = 3.11, P < 0.08;interaction, rate for individuals foraging alone (r = -0.05, ns, n F,• = 0.01, ns. = 34). This result contrastswith the significantpos- itive correlationreported for the solitarilyforaging Purple Gallinule (Porphyrioporphyrio; Alvarez 1993). presenceof a developedfrontal shield as one factor However, tail-flicking and scanning were signifi- and grouping (solitaryor group of four or more) as cantly correlatedfor individuals foraging in groups the other,revealed that solitaryindividuals spent more of four or more (Fig. 1). This correlationwas not con- time scanningand tail-flicked at higher rates than founded by group size, becauseneither tail-flicking individualsin groupsof four or more(Table 1A). The nor scanningwere significantlycorrelated with group relationshipbetween scanningrates and grouping is sizefor groupsof four or more(r = - 0.116and - 0.022, consistent with those of numerous other studies of respectively).Alvarez (1993) also reported a positive, birds and mammals(Elgar 1989, but see Catterall et significant correlation between vigilance and tail- al. 1992).Alvarez (1993) alsoreported a negative cor- flicking among European Moorhens foraging in relation between group size and tail-flicking in the groups,but the possibleconfounding effect of group EuropeanMoorhen (G. chloropus).A similar two-way size was not controlled. ANOVA, with presenceof a developedfrontal shield The resultsof our study are difficult to interpret as one factor and position within the group (center within the contextof a singlefunction of tail-flicking. or edge) as the other, revealed little evidenceof a The similar patterns of variation in the time spent grouplocation effect on either scanningor tail-flick- scanningand tail-flicking rate supportthe idea that ing rates;there was qualitativelymore time spent tail-flicking in Dusky Moorhens provides a signal scanning and higher tail-flicking rates for Dusky about an individual's stateof alertnessor perception Moorhensat the edgeof a group,but this patternwas of danger.Perhaps Dusky Moorhens spend more time not statisticallysignificant (Table lB). scanningwhen alone than when in groups because In both of the aboveanalyses, the variationin tail- they perceivea higher risk of predation (seealso A1- flickingrates was significantly explained by the pres- varez 1993),and they must tail-flick more frequently enceof a developedfrontal shield. Dusky Moorhens becausethe intended recipient, by definition, is not without shieldstail-flicked almost twice asfrequently nearby. The positive correlation between scanning as those with shields, but these differences in tail- and tail-flicking ratesfor individuals in groupsof four flickingrates were not reflectedby similardifferences or more may reflect natural variationsin the per- in scanningrates (Table 1). ceivedrisk of predation,with the birdsadjusting their The correlationsbetween tail-flicking and scanning behavioraccordingly. In contrast,solitary birds may alsowere influencedby whetherthe birdswere alone invest so much time tail-flicking and scanning that it or in a group. There was no significantcorrelation is not possiblefor them to vary it consistentlywith betweenthe time spentscanning and the tail-flicking any additionalchanges in the perceivedrisk of pre- April1996] ShortCommunications andCommentaries 501 dation. Finally, although individualsat the edge of son'sgazelles: Some tests of the predictions.Anim. the group spentqualitatively moretime scanningand Behav. 34:663-684. tail-flickingthan thoseat the center,these differences CATTERALL,C.