www.allitebooks.com Providing Health Care in the Context of Language Barriers www.allitebooks.com Full details of all our publications can be found on http://www.multilingual- matters.com, or by writing to Multilingual Matters, St Nicholas House, 31–34 High Street, Bristol BS1 2AW, UK. www.allitebooks.com Providing Health Care in the Context of Language Barriers International Perspectives Edited by Elizabeth A. Jacobs and Lisa C. Diamond MULTILINGUAL MATTERS Bristol • Blue Ridge Summit www.allitebooks.com DOI 10.21832/JACOBS7760 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Names: Jacobs, Elizabeth A., editor. | Diamond, Lisa (Physician), editor. Title: Providing Health Care in the Context of Language Barriers: International Perspectives/ Edited by Elizabeth A. Jacobs and Lisa Diamond. Description: Bristol, UK; Blue Ridge Summit, PA : Multilingual Matters, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016053229| ISBN 9781783097760 (hbk : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781783097753 (pbk : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781783097791 (kindle) Subjects: LCSH: Medicine—Translating. | Health facilities—Translating services. | Communication in medicine. | Transcultural medical care. | Linguistic minorities— Medical care. | Translating and interpreting. Classification: LCC R119.5 .P76 2017 | DDC 610--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016053229 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue entry for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN-13: 978-1-78309-776-0 (hbk) ISBN-13: 978-1-78309-775-3 (pbk) Multilingual Matters UK: St Nicholas House, 31-34 High Street, Bristol BS1 2AW, UK. USA: NBN, Blue Ridge Summit, PA, USA. Website: www.multilingual-matters.com Twitter: Multi_ Ling _ Mat Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/multilingualmatters Blog: www.channelviewpublications.wordpress.com Copyright © 2017 Elizabeth A. Jacobs, Lisa C. Diamond and the authors of individual chapters. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher. The policy of Multilingual Matters/Channel View Publications is to use papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products, made from wood grown in sustainable for- ests. In the manufacturing process of our books, and to further support our policy, prefer- ence is given to printers that have FSC and PEFC Chain of Custody certification. The FSC and/or PEFC logos will appear on those books where full certification has been granted to the printer concerned. Typeset by Nova Techset Private Limited, Bengaluru and Chennai, India. Printed and bound in the UK by Short Run Press Ltd. Printed and bound in the US by Edwards Brothers Malloy, Inc. www.allitebooks.com Contents Contributors vii Introduction xv 1 The Drivers of Demand for Language Services in Health Care 1 Allison Squires 2 Three Critical Steps to Enhance Delivery of Language Services in Health Care 20 Leah S. Karliner 3 Conceptualizing Bilingual Health Communication: A Theory-based Approach to Interpreter-mediated Medical Encounters 35 Elaine Hsieh 4 Challenges to and Recommendations for Working with a Community Interpreter in Mental Health: A Canadian Perspective 56 Yvan Leanza, Camille Brisset, Rhéa Rocque and Alexandra Boilard 5 Toward a Theoretical Framework of Informal Interpreting in Health Care: Explaining the Effects of Role Conflict on Control, Power and Trust in Interpreter-mediated Encounters 71 Barbara Schouten 6 Understanding the Advantages and Disadvantages of the Diversity of Approaches to Overcoming Language Barriers in Medical Encounters 93 Rebecca Schwei, Mary Rhodes and Elizabeth A. Jacobs 7 Language Concordance Between Limited English Proficient Patients and Their Clinicians 102 Dana Canfield and Lisa C. Diamond v vi Providing Health Care in the Context of Language Barriers 8 Breaking the Silence: Identifying the Needs of Bilingual Speakers in Health Care 116 Gwerfyl Roberts 9 Engaging the Community to Develop Solutions for Languages of Lesser Diffusion 149 Francesca Gany, C. Javier González, E. Zoe Schutzman and Debra J. Pelto 10 Chinese Voices: Improving Access to Health Care 170 Fiona Irvine, Martin Partridge and Echo Yeung 11 A New Zealand Perspective on Providing Health Care for Patients with Limited English Proficiency 190 Ben Gray, Jo Hilder, Lindsay Macdonald, Rachel Tester, Anthony Dowell and Maria Stubbe 12 Toward a New Approach for Culturally and Linguistically Responsive Health Care: A Case Study of Developments in Victoria, Australia 211 Lidia Horvat Epilogue 235 Glossary 236 Index 239 Contributors Alexandra Boilard has completed her Bachelor of Arts and doctoral studies in Psychology at Laval University (Québec, Canada). During her studies she worked as a research assistant in the Psychology and Cultures Laboratory. Her PhD research focused on representations of Colombian and Quebecer parents on parental practices, maltreatment and youth protection. She is now working as a clinician in an inpatient child psychiatry department. Camille Brisset after a post-doctoral fellowship at Laval University in the Psychology and Cultures Laboratory, became an associate professor in devel- opmental psychology and cross-cultural psychology at the University of Bordeaux in France. She is specialized in the study of human development in context. As such, she is interested in psychosocial adaptation in terms of developmental and cultural transition (representation of attachment, emo- tional regulation and transition to university), but also in the roles practitio- ners play in this process (interpreting in mental health, professional development of future psychologists in the context of cultural diversity). Dana Canfield is a medical student at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine in the class of 2018. Throughout college and medical school her passion for social justice and healthcare policy has instigated her involvement in various research projects and student organizations aimed at eliminating healthcare inequality. As a medical student researcher in the Memorial Sloan Kettering Summer Research Fellowship program, she was given the opportunity to work with physician researchers in MSK’s Immigrant Health and Cancer Disparities Service, where she met Dr Lisa Diamond and was introduced to the additional obstacles faced by patients with limited English proficiency (LEP). This work has broadened her under- standing of medically underserved populations and alerted her to the many specific areas of care where the needs of LEP patients are not being met. She plans to continue advocating for all underserved groups through research and involvement in healthcare policy organizations throughout her career. vii viii Providing Health Care in the Context of Language Barriers Lisa C. Diamond, MD, MPH, FACP is an Assistant Attending Physician at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and an Assistant Professor of Healthcare Policy and Research at Weill Cornell Medical College. She attended the George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences and received a Master of Public Health degree from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. She trained as a general internist at New York Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center in New York, followed by a Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program Fellowship at Yale University. After noticing during medical school and resi- dency that patients with limited English proficiency (LEP) received worse care than English-speaking patients, she began pursuing a research career to eliminate these disparities. Her research focuses on understanding how clini- cian non-English language proficiency affects the quality of care delivered to patients with LEP. Ultimately, she plans to use the results of her research to establish standards for the appropriate use of non-fluent non-English language skills by clinicians and to identify process and outcome measures that capture the quality of cancer care being delivered to LEP patients. Her research has been supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health and The California Endowment. She has published several peer-reviewed journal arti- cles and book chapters. She also works clinically as a hospitalist physician, supervising medical interns and residents at Memorial Sloan Kettering. Anthony Dowell is Professor of Primary Health Care and General Practice and Head of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the University of Otago in Wellington. He is a General Practitioner at Island Bay Medical Centre. He has worked in primary care in New Zealand, the UK and Central Africa. His research interests include communication between patients and health pro- fessionals and mental health problems in primary care. He is a Co-Director of the Applied Research in Communication on Health research group. Francesca Gany, MD, MS was the founder and Director of the Center for Immigrant Health, New York University School of Medicine, of the New York University Cancer Institute CORE Center (Cancer Outreach, Outcomes and Research for Equity), and of the Health Promotion, Disease Prevention and Human Migration concentration in the New York University Global Masters of Public Health program. Dr Gany is now the founding Chief of the Immigrant Health and Cancer Disparities Service and the Center for Immigrant Health and Cancer Disparities at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. She has served as the Principal Investigator on a number of pioneering immigrant health studies and