Guidelines resistance management and integrated parasite control in ruminants FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS ROME, 2004 Guidelines resistance management and integrated parasite control in ruminants Animal Production and Health Division Agriculture Department FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome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� ���� ����� Foreword FOREWORD The demand for meat has grown rapidly in developing countries over the past 20 years and it is likely that this trend in consumption of livestock products will continue during the next three decades. It is estimated that some 360 million cattle, 560 million sheep and goats and 190 million more pigs would be necessary to satisfy the world’s nutritional demand. This growth in livestock products is an opportunity for the 675 million rural poor who depend on livestock to improve their living conditions. Substantial evidence exists that livestock production is a useful tool for income generation and subsequent poverty reduction for the landless poor, women and small and medium scale farmers. This does, however require an enabling environment including access to credit, development of infrastructure and the supply of animal production and health services. Farmers also need access to information on disease control and livestock management in order to make informed decisions about where to invest their resources to increase production and productivity. The predicted increase in the animal population is not without risks. There are environmental effects caused by overstocking during dry or cold periods or where grazing is conducted on land cleared from rainforest, and the transmission of animal diseases could also affect food security and safety. Globally, parasitic and other endemic diseases continue to be a major constraint on profitable livestock production and productivity, particularly in developing countries. They are rarely associated with high mortality and usually the only clinical signs and effects are lower outputs of animal products, by-products, manure and traction, all contributing to production and productivity losses. Throughout the last century the pharmaceutical industry has continuously developed effective new drugs and parasiticides for the treatment and control of a large number of economically important diseases and as a result have reduced associated production and productivity losses. Ready access to chemicals (insecticides, acaricides and anthelmintics) and the ease with which they can be applied, combined with the immense progress made in the knowledge of the epidemiology of parasites of ruminants, has led to a period of relative success in the control of endo and ectoparasites. This was particularly true in more industrialized livestock production systems. However, the false assumption that parasite control is easily accomplished by the use of chemical means alone has lead to the development of parasite resistance, creating ecological imbalances and leaving drug residues in meat, milk and wool, resulting in the erosion of farmer confidence in the efficiency of current and future parasite control programmes. In view of this, FAO has promoted partnerships with research institutions that have systematically investigated and tested alternatives for diagnosis and control of parasites. It is clear that parasite control needs to move away from the reliance on parasiticide treatment only, to a more integrated and sustainable form of parasite control. These guidelines, which are the result of a three-year collaborative effort between the Animal Health Service of FAO and the FAO-Working Group of Parasite Resistance will assist veterinarians and farmers to make qualified decisions regarding the most appropriate diagnosis and control strategy for their production system. 2 Foreword I would like to extend my thanks to all the contributors to these guidelines but particularly to the FAO-Industry Contact Group of the Veterinary Pharmaceutical Industry for their active collaboration and positive criticism of the guidelines. Dr. Yves Cheneau Chief Animal Health Service Animal Production and Health Division FAO 3 Collaborating Scientists COLLABORATING SCIENTISTS I FAO-Working Group on Parasite Resistance Efraín Benavides O. Principal Researcher Animal Health Program CEISA - Centro de Investigación en Salud Animal Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria, CORPOICA Apartado Aereo 39144, Bogotá, Colombia E-mail: [email protected] John E. George Laboratory Director Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory USDA, Agricultural Research Service Kerrville, Texas, USA E-mail: [email protected] Jorgen W. Hansen Senior Sector Adviser Policy Planning and Support Unit Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock Building 6, Room 1510 The Secretariat, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh E-mail: [email protected] Jorgen B. Jespersen Head of Department of Entomology Danish Pest Infestation Laboratory Skovbrynet 14, DK- 2800 Lyngby, Denmark E-mail: [email protected] Nicholas N. Jonsson Senior Lecturer School of Veterinary Science University of Queensland, Qld, 4072, Australia E-mail: [email protected] David Kemp Senior Principal Research Scientist CSIRO Livestock Industries 120 Meiers Rd, Indooroopilly, Brisbane, Qld, 4068, Australia E-mail: [email protected] João Ricardo Martins Centro de Pesquisa Veterinária Desidério Finamor-FEPAGRO Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil. 92990-000 E-mail: [email protected] 4 Collaborating Scientists Peter J. Waller Senior Research Scientist Department of Parasitology (SWEPAR) National Veterinary Institute SE- 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden E-mail: [email protected] II Invited Experts Peter G. Bates Head of Parasitology Section Scientific Services Unit Veterinary Laboratories Agency New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom E-mail: [email protected] Jorge Caracostantogolo Coordinator of Parasitology Institute of Pathobiology INTA Castelar. CC 77, CP 1708, Moron, Argentina E-mail: [email protected] Herculano Cardozo Chief Parasitology Department DILAVE "Miguel C Rubino" Ruta 8 Km 17.5. Montevideo.Uruguay E-mail: [email protected] David E. Evans Regional Services Officer UK Regional Network (Thames & West Region) British Council, 1 Beaumont Place, Oxford OX1 2PJ, United Kingdom E-mail: [email protected] Hugo Fragoso Director National Centre of Services of Establishment in Animal Health Director General of Animal Health, SAGARPA Carretera Federal a Cuautla Km 11.5, Jiutepec, Morelos 62550, Mexico E-mail: [email protected] Sidney E. Kunz USDA-ARS (Retired) HCR 4 Box 571-L, Kerrville, Texas USA E-mail: [email protected] 5 Collaborating Scientists III FAO Animal Production and Health Division Carlos Eddi Senior Officer (Parasitology) Animal Health Service Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100, Rome, Italy E-mail: [email protected] Armando Nari Animal Health Officer (Integrated Parasite Control) Animal Health Service Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100, Rome, Italy. E-mail: [email protected] 6 Exexutive Summary TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD...............................................................................................................2 COLLABORATING SCIENTISTS..........................................................................4 TABLE OF CONTENTS ...........................................................................................7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................9 Introduction............................... .................................................................................. ....... ...9 Parasitic Diseases. A Global Problem.. .................................................................................9 Economic impact.............................................................................................. ....................11 Chemical Control.................................................................................................................12 Parasite Resistance...............................................................................................................12 Resistance Diagnosis and Management................................................................................14 Potential Consequences.........................................................................................................15 Registration and Quality Control of Antiparasiticides.........................................................15 Future Needs...... ..................................................................................................................16