Consortium AGRIFOR Consult 1 Table of contents List of Abbreviations 3 CHAPTER 1: Executive Summary 6 CHAPTER 2: State of the Environment 16 2.1. Trends in the physical and biological environments 16 2.1.1 Climate and regional setting 16 2.1.2 Freshwater resources 18 2.1.3 Natural Vegetation 21 2.1.4 Wildlife 21 2.1.5 Areas of Outstanding Ecosystem, Biological and/or Scenic value 23 2.1.6 Agriculture 24 2.1.7 Forestry and forest resources 26 2.1.8 Marine and coastal environments 27 2.1.9 Marine fisheries 28 2.1.10 Inland fisheries 30 2.2. Threats and issues in sustainable use of natural resources 32 2.2.1 Intensity of use of agricultural resources 32 2.2.2 Impacts of mining on the environment 33 2.2.3 Access to freshwater 38 2.2.4 Modification of freshwater flows 41 2.2.5 Unsustainable use of forest resources 42 2.2.6 Exploitation of living marine resources 44 2.2.7 Pollution and waste disposal 45 2.2.8 Transportation 46 2.2.9 Tourism 48 2.2.10 Threatened Species 50 2.3. Indicators of environmental and social conditions in Mozambique 51 CHAPTER3: Environmental Policy, and Legislative an Institutional Frameworks 55 3.1. Background to environmental policy and legislative and institutional frameworks 55 3.2. Land and agriculture 56 3.3. Fisheries 58 3.4. Forestry 59 3.5. Water 60 3.6. Mining 61 3.7. Environmental Management 62 3.8. Planning and Decentralisation 63 3.9. Protected areas 64 3.10. International commitments 68 CHAPTER 4: EU and other Donor Cooperation with Mozambique 70 4.1. European Commission 70 4.2. World Bank 71 4.3. DANIDA 71 Country Environmental Profile for Mozambique – Final report – July 2006 Consortium AGRIFOR Consult 2 4.4. International Conservation Union (IUCN) 72 4.5. UK department for International Development (DFID) 72 4.6. United Nations Development programme (UNDP) 73 4.7. Sweden 73 4.8. The Netherlands 74 4.9. US Agency for International Development’s (US AID) 74 CHAPTER 5: Conclusions and Recommendations 75 CHAPTER 6: Technical Appendices 80 Appendix 6.1: Reference list of environmental policy documents and action plans 80 CHAPTER 7: Administrative Appendices 82 Appendix 7.1: Study Methodology/work plan 82 Appendix 7.2.: Consultants Itinerary 83 Appendix 7.3.: List of Persons consulted 84 Appendix 7.4.: List of Documents Consulted 84 Appendix 7.5.: Curricula Vitae of the Consultants (1 page each) 91 Appendix 7.6. Study Terms of Reference 98 Tables Table 1. National wood production (m3) in Mozambique - 1998-2003. Source: Relatório Estatístico Anual, Direção National de Florestas e Fauna Bravia. 28 Table 2. Land use irrigation in southern Africa. Source: CIA Fact book 2004, WB World Development Indicators 2004 35 Table 3. Range of impacts caused by mining activities in Mozambiqe 38 Table 4. Adverse ecological and social effects of Cahora Bassa. 44 Table 5. Indicators of environmental and social conditions in Mozambique 56 Figures Figure 1. Mean annual rainfall in Mozambique (mm/year). Source: Water Resources in Mozambique, Synopsis 1999, Ministry of Public Works and Housing, DNA. 18 Figure 2. Recent droughts in the SADC region 18 Figure 3. Major river basins in Mozambique. Source: Water Resources in Mozambique, Synopsis 1999, Ministry of Public Works and Housing, DNA. 20 Figure 4. Mineral production in Mozambique, 1999-2003. Data from the Direção National de Minas 36 Figure 5. Mining license applications 36 Figure 6. Reported catches by the industrial fishery sector in Mozambique 46 Figure 7. Protected areas in Mozambique. 72 Country Environmental Profile for Mozambique – Final report – July 2006 Consortium AGRIFOR Consult 3 List of Abbreviations ACP Africa, Caribbean and Pacific ANE Administraçăo Nacional de Estradas (National Roads Administration) APE Administraçăo Provincial de Estradas (Provincial Road Administration) ARA Administração Regional de Águas (Regional Water Administration) ARPAC Arquivo do Patrimonio Cultural (Arquives for Cultural Patrimony) CAP Country Assistance Plan CAS Country Assistance Strategy CCF Country Co-operation Framework CDS Centro para o Desenvolvimento Sustentavel (Center for Sustainable Development) CIMT Change Impact Monitoring Table CNCS Conselho Nacional de Combate ao SIDA (National Council Against AIDS) DFID Department for International Development (UK) DIP Departamento de Inspecçao Pesqueira (Department of Fish Inspection) DNA Direcção Nacional de Águas (National Directorate of Water) DNAC Direcção Nacional para as Areas de Conservaçao (National Directorate for Conservation Areas) DNAP Direção Nacional da Administração Pesqueira (National Directorate of Fisheries Administration) DNHA Direcção Nacional de Hidráulica Agricola (National Directorate of Agricultural Hydraulics) DNFFB Direcção Nacional de Florestas e Fauna Bravia (National Directorate of Forestry and Wildlife) DNTF Direção Nacional de Terras e Florestas (National Directorate of Lands and Forests) DPOPH Direcçăo Provincial de Obras Públicas e Habitaçăo (Provincial Directorate of Public Works and Housing) EC European Commission EDM Electricidade de Moçambique (Electricity of Mozambique) EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EFA Environmental Flow Assessment EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN GDP Gross Domestic Product GOM Government of Mozambique HIV/AIDS Human Immuno Deficiency Virus / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Country Environmental Profile for Mozambique – Final report – July 2006 Consortium AGRIFOR Consult 4 ICZM Integrated Coastal Zone Management IDPPE Instituto par o Desenvolvimento Pesqueiro de Pequuena Escala (Institute of Small-Scale Fisheries Development) IIED International Institute for Environment and Development IIP Instituto de Investigação Pesqueira (Institute of Fisheries Research) IUCN World Conservation Union MADER Ministério da Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) MA Ministério da Agricultura (Ministry of Agriculture) MCE Maputaland Centre of Endemism MDG Millennium Development Goals MCS Monitoring Control and Surveillance MINED Ministerio de Educaçao (Ministry of Education) MICOA Ministério da Coordenação Para Acção Ambiental (Ministry for Environmental Coordination) MIREME Ministerio dos Recursos Minerais e Energia (Ministry of Mineral Resources and Energy ) MISAU Ministério da Saúde (Ministry of Health) MCRN Maneio Comunitário Dos Recursos Naturais (Community Based Natural Resources Management) MOPH Ministério das Obras Publicas e Habitação (Ministry of Public Works and Housing) MPF Ministério do Plano e Finanças (Ministry of Planning and Finance) MPD Ministério da Planificação e Desenvolvimento (Ministry of Planning and Development) MF Ministério das Finanças (Ministry of Finance) MTC Ministério dos Transportes e Comunicaçǒes (Ministry of Transport and Communications) NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan NEMP National Environmental Management Programme NGO Non-Government Organisation NIMD Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy NIZA Netherlands Institute for Southern Africa NPUM Netherlands Management Cooperation Programme NRM Natural Resources Management PARPA Programa do Governo Para a Reduçăo da Pobreza Absoluta (GOM’s Programme for Reduction of Poverty) ROCS Roads and Coastal Shipping SADC Southern African Development Community SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment SPFFB Serviços Provinciais de Florestas e Fauna Bravia (Provincial services for Forestry and Wildlife) Country Environmental Profile for Mozambique – Final report – July 2006 Consortium AGRIFOR Consult 5 SPTD Strategic Plan for Tourism Development TFCA Transfrontier Conservation Area TPIS Tourism Policy and Implementation Strategy UEM Universidade Eduardo Mondlane (Eduardo Mondlane University) UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNECA United Nations Economic Commission for Africa UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme USAID United States Agency for International Development Country Environmental Profile for Mozambique – Final report – July 2006 Consortium AGRIFOR Consult 6 CHAPTER 1: Executive Summary STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT Trends in the physical and biological environments Climate and regional setting Mozambique is located on the south-eastern coast of Africa. It is mostly low lying (only 13% has an elevation above 1000 meters) and has an extensive coastline (2 700 km). The climate ranges from subtropical in the south to tropical in the centre and north. July (winter) temperatures average 21°C at Pemba in the north and 18°C at Maputo in the south. January (summer) temperatures average about 27°C along the coast but are lower in upland areas (21°C). Rainfall is highly seasonal (most rain falls between October and April each year) and varies regionally, being higher in the north (1 000-1 800 mm per annum) than the south (400- 1 000 mm per annum). A decreasing trend in rainfall has been observed in East Africa region as a whole over the last four decades, while the occurrence of droughts has been steadily increasing. High variability in rainfall associated with tropical cyclones and the El Nino/La Nina phenomenon compound this problem, resulting in extreme floods and droughts from time to time. Further reductions in streamflow can be anticipated in Mozambique in the future associated with global climate change, with rainfall projected to decline by 5-10% and evaporation to increase by 9-13% by 2075. Freshwater resources Thirty-nine major rivers drain into to the Indian Ocean along the Mozambique coastline. The most important of these from south to north are the Maputo, Umbeluzi, Nkomati (in