View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repository@USM BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF LARVAE AND JUVENILE OF THE ANGELWING CLAM PHOLAS ORIENTALIS (GMELIN, 1791) NG BEE WAH UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA 2009 BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF LARVAE AND JUVENILE OF THE ANGELWING CLAM PHOLAS ORIENTALIS (GMELIN, 1791) by NG BEE WAH Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science January 2009 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Aileen Tan Shau Hwai for her valuable suggestion, guidance. Special thanks to Uncle Bala, Uncle Rajen, Mr Latiff and Mr. Rahman from Muka Head Marine Research Station for their encouragement, helping and suggestion during the period of my work and field assistance. For those in Marine Science Laboratory, Mrs Nooraini, Mr. Sim, Mr. Izwandy, Mr. Jantzen, Mr. Cheah Wee, Ms. Chiew Peng, Ms. Hanis and Mr. Wala, thank you all for your friendship, support and advice during my master study. I would like to take this opportunity to thank the USM fellowship program for supporting me during my master program. Last but not least is my beloved family. I really appreciated their patience in allowing me pursuing my dreams. ii TABLES OF CONTENTS TITTLE OF THESIS PAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………..ii TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………….iii LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………...vii LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………….ix LIST OF PLATES………………………………………………………………...xi LIST OF APPENDICES…..……………………………………………………..xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS………..……………………………………………xiv ABSTRAK…………………………………………………………………………xvi ABSTRACT...……………………………………………………………………..xix CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 Pholadidae in General……………………………………………1 1.2 Taxonomy and morphology……………………………………...3 1.3 Factors affecting the distribution of angelwing clam………….4 CHAPTER 2 - SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND POPULATION ABUNDANCE OF PHOLAS ORIENTALIS 2.1 Introduction………………………………………………………...7 2.2 Objectives………………………………………………………….8 2.3 Methods and material…………………………………………….9 2.3.1 The study area…………………………………………….9 2.3.2 Ambient water quality measurement……………………9 2.3.2.1 Water temperature (°C), salinity (ppt) and dissolved oxygen (mgL-1)……………..……..10 iii 2.3.2.2 Water nutrient analysis…......……………….10 2.3.2.3 Turbidity measurement………..……………..11 2.3.2.4 Sediment size analysis……………………... 11 2.3.3 Collecting of sample………………….…………………..12 2.4 Results………………………………………………………….....14 2.4.1 Habitat of Pholas orientalis……………………………..14 2.4.2 Water quality measurement……… …………………....15 2.4.3 Sediment size…………………………………………….19 2.4.4 Size and length frequency distribution and population abundance of Pholas orientalis…………...21 2.4.5 Relationship between water quality, abundance and length frequency of Pholas orientalis…………………………………………..25 2.5 Discussion…………………………………………………...……26 2.5.1 Abundance, size and length frequency distribution of Pholas orientalis………………………….27 2.5.2 Factors affecting Pholas orientalis abundance and its distribution…...……………………………………30 2.6 Conclusion……..………………………………………………….34 CHAPTER 3 - DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF ANGELWING CLAM PHOLAS ORIENTALIS 3.1 Introduction………………………………………………………..36 3.2 Objective……………………………………...…………………...38 3.3 Materials and methods……………………………...…………...38 3.3.1 Phytoplankton culture…………………………………….38 iv 3.3.2 Pholas orientalis sample collection………………..…...40 3.3.3 Induced spawning…………………………………...…...42 3.3.4 Egg fertilization…………........…………………………...44 3.3.5 Larvae rearing……………………………………..….…..44 3.4 Results…………………………………………………………….45 3.4.1 Induced spawning………………………………………..45 3.4.2 Embryonic and larvae development…………...……….48 3.4.3 Growth performance………...…………………………...55 3.4.4 Water quality measurement……………………………..57 3.5 Discussion…………..…………………………………………….59 3.5.1 Induced spawning………..………………………………59 3.5.2 Developmental stages……………..…………………….60 3.5.3 Larval growth……………………………..………………64 3.6 Conclusion………………………………..………………………67 CHAPTER 4 - MORPHOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION OF LARVAL ANGELWING CLAM PHOLAS ORIENTALIS 4.1 Introduction………………………………………………...……...68 4.2 Objectives………………………………………………...……….69 4.3 Materials and methods………………………………..…………69 4.3.1 Spawning stock…………………...………………………69 4.3.2 Laboratory-bred larvae………………..…………………69 4.3.3 Measurement and terminology……..…………………..70 4.4 Results……………….……………………………………..……..72 4.4.1 Larval shell development……….……………………….72 v 4.4.2 Morphology of larvae shell………………………..……..74 4.4.3 Hinge structure…………………………...……………….76 4.4.4 Morphology of juvenile Pholas orientalis…………..…..78 4.5 Discussion…………………………………………………………80 CHAPTER 5 - EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PHYTOPLANKTON DIETS ON THE GROWTH OF JUVENILE ANGELWING CLAM PHOLAS ORIENTALIS 5.1 Introduction……………………………………………………….85 5.2 Materials and methods………………………………………......87 5.2.1 Phytoplankton culture……………………………………87 5.2.2 Experimental procedure…………………………………87 5.2.3 Water quality measurement……………………...……..88 5.2.4 Juvenile growth and survival……………………..……..90 5.2.5 Statistical analysis……………….………………………90 5.3 Results…………………………………………………………….91 5.3.1 Effect of different phytoplankton diets on the growth……………………………………………………..91 5.4 Discussion………………………………………………………...98 5.5 Conclusion……………………………………………………….100 CHAPTER 6 – CONCLUSION…………………………………………….…..102 REFERENCES………………………….………………………...….…………105 APPENDICES LIST OF PUBLICATION vi LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 2.1 The equipment and unit of physical parameter of seawater measured in the sampling site…………………………………………10 2.2 Reagent and wavelength of nutrient analysis using HACH Kit Spectrophotometer Model DREL 2000……………………11 2.3 Ecological information on the natural bed of Pholas orientalis in Kuala Kedah.......................................................15 2.4 Water quality values at the sampling location in Kuala Kedah from July 2006 to July 2007…………………………….17 2.5 Correlation value (R and R2) between water quality parameters, length frequency and abundance of Pholas orientalis………………………………………………………….25 2.6 The length range of Pholas orientalis from different Study area………………………………………………………………...29 2.7 Correlation between type of sediment and quantity Pholas orientalis……………………………………………………….…33 3.1 Phytoplankton concentration used in this study………………………45 3.2 Early development stages of Pholas orientalis……………………….47 3.3 The time differences in the early development stages of Pholas orientalis in this study compared to Ronquillo and McKinley (2006)…………………………………………61 3.4 D-shaped larvae and settlement differences in this study compared to Wan Abdul Aziz (1987)………………………………….63 3.5 Differences between larval developments with other species bivalve……………………………………………………………66 4.1 Summary of larval feature (from Rees, 1950)…………………………80 4.2 Comparison of shell length between Pholas orientalis and other local bivalve species………………………………………....81 4.3 Principal features, for identification of straight hinge and umbonate Pholas orientalis larvae………………………………...83 vii 5.1 Utilization frequency of phytoplankton species in a mollusk Hatchery…………………………………………………………………...86 5.2 Diet formulation (based on phytoplankton cells count)……………….88 5.3 Length and weight correlation of Pholas orientalis juveniles fed with different phytoplankton diets…………………………………..97 viii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1.1 Map of Peninsular Malaysia showing the locations where Pholas orientalis can be found…………………………………………5 2.1 Pholas orientalis occurrences distribution map (modified from Global Biodiversity Information facility)…………………………7 2.2 Map of Kuala Kedah sampling site…………………………………….9 2.3 View of sampling location………………………………………………13 2.4 Physico-chemical parameters of sampling location in Kuala Kedah……………………………………………………………..16 2.5 Sediment size of the sampling location……………………………….20 2.6a Length frequency distribution of Pholas orientalis…………………...22 2.6b Length frequency distribution of Pholas orientalis…………………...23 2.7 Distribution of individual clams at different zones……………………24 2.8 Length-weight correlations of Pholas orientalis………………………26 3.1 Map of Kuala Kedah sampling site……………………………………..40 3.2 Growth performances of Pholas orientalis larvae fall from day 1 till day 27. (A) Free swimming stage; (B) Settlement stage and (C) Early juvenile stage……………………………………..56 3.3 Correlation between shell length and shell width of larvae Pholas orientalis …………………………………………………………57 3.4 Water quality parameter of the rearing tank…………………………..58 4.1 A diagrammatic drawing of the inside and dorsal views of Pholas orientalis larval hinge to show the various component. A. Left shell, B. Right shell, C. The inside (above) and dorsal (below) views of a larval hinge. (Note: R = Right; L = Left; f = flange; r = ridge; prov = proviculum; l.h.s = lateral hinge system)…………………….77 4.2 A. Prodissoconch of Crossostrea rhizophorae (Guilding); B. Equilateral valve of larvae Pholas orientalis………………………..81 ix 4.3 The umbo shape Pholas orientalis compared with a range of other bivalve larvae of similar size………………………….82 4.4 The umbo shape of Pholas orentalis compared with umbonate larvae of scallop and mussel………………………………82 4.5 General feature and hinge structure of Pholas orientalis and other bivalve………………………………………………………….84 5.1 Experimental design and daily routine…………………………………89 5.2 Growth (shell length) of Pholas orientalis juveniles with different diet for 4 weeks………………………………………………...92 5.3 Linear correlations between SGR and mean weight (A) and mean length (B)…………………………………………………………..93 5.4 (A) Average shell length with SGR in percentage (% cm day-1) and