Estonian Archaeology 4 ANDRES TVAURI RAHVASTERÄNNUAEG, EELVIIKINGIAEG JA VIIKINGIAEG EESTIS TOIMETANUD MARGOT LANEMAN Tartu 2012 SISUKORD Illustratsioonide nimekiri 7 SISSEJUHATUS KRONOLOOGIA.................................................................................................................................................18 KÄESOLEVAST TEOSEST................................................................................................................................20 TÄNUD................................................................................................................................................................22 I PEATÜKK. AJALOOLINE JA LOODUSLIK TAUST 1.1 VARAKESKAEGNE EUROOPA.............................................................................................................23 1.2 KIRJALIKUD TEATED EESTI ALA KOHTA .......................................................................................26 1.2.1 Islandi saagad..........................................................................................................................................................26 1.2.2 Skandinaavia ruunikivid ....................................................................................................................................28 1.2.3 Ladina ja Vana-Vene kroonikad ......................................................................................................................29 1.2.4 Kokkuvõte.................................................................................................................................................................32 1.3 MUUTUSED LOODUSLIKES OLUDES.................................................................................................32 1.3.1 Kliimamuutused.....................................................................................................................................................32 1.3.2 Maakerge...................................................................................................................................................................34 II PEATÜKK. ELUKOHAD JA MAJAPIDAMINE 2.1 LINNUSED JA ASULAKOHAD ..............................................................................................................35 2.1.1 Linnuste levik ja tüpoloogia..............................................................................................................................36 2.1.2 Rahvasterännuaja linnused...............................................................................................................................37 2.1.3 Eelviikingi- ja viikingiaja linnused.................................................................................................................38 2.1.4 Linnuste kaitserajatised .....................................................................................................................................42 2.1.5 Linnus-asula-tüüpi keskused ...........................................................................................................................44 2.1.6 Jurjevi linnus ja asula Tartus............................................................................................................................47 2.1.7 Valgjärve järveasula .............................................................................................................................................49 2.1.8 Muud asulad.............................................................................................................................................................50 2.1.9 Hooned.......................................................................................................................................................................51 2.2 MAJAPIDAMISRIISTAD JA TARBEESEMED.....................................................................................54 2.2.1 Jahvekivid ja -alused ............................................................................................................................................54 2.2.2 Savinõud....................................................................................................................................................................55 2.2.2.1 Iru tüüpi savinõud.......................................................................................................................................56 2.2.2.2 Rõuge tüüpi savinõud ................................................................................................................................60 2.2.2.3 Haruldased käsitsi tehtud savinõud....................................................................................................62 2.2.2.4 Slaavipärased lihtkedrakeraamilised savinõud .............................................................................63 2.2.3 Metallnõud................................................................................................................................................................66 2.2.4 Puit- ja tohtnõud ....................................................................................................................................................67 2.2.5 Sarvest toosikaas...................................................................................................................................................67 2.2.6 Puitkonks ..................................................................................................................................................................67 2 2.2.7 Tulused.......................................................................................................................................................................67 2.2.8 Noad ............................................................................................................................................................................69 2.2.9 Luisud .........................................................................................................................................................................69 2.2.10 Kammid...................................................................................................................................................................70 2.2.11 Pintsetid..................................................................................................................................................................70 2.2.12 Lukud ja võtmed..................................................................................................................................................71 2.2.13 Naelad ......................................................................................................................................................................71 2.3 KOKKUVÕTE ..........................................................................................................................................72 III PEATÜKK. PÕHIELATUSALLIKAD 3.1 PÕLLUHARIMINE..................................................................................................................................74 3.1.1 Põllujäänused..........................................................................................................................................................74 3.1.2 Põllutööriistad ........................................................................................................................................................76 3.1.2.1 Kõplaterad.......................................................................................................................................................77 3.1.2.2 Adraterad ........................................................................................................................................................77 3.1.2.3 Vikatnoad ja vikatid....................................................................................................................................78 3.1.2.4 Sirbid .................................................................................................................................................................78 3.1.3 Paleobotaanilised andmed ................................................................................................................................79 3.2 KARJAKASVATUS..................................................................................................................................82 3.3 JAHT, KALASTUS JA METSASAADUSED...........................................................................................84 3.3.1 Jahi- ja kalastusvahendid ...................................................................................................................................84 3.3.2 Metsloomade ja kalade luud.............................................................................................................................85 3.3.3 Metsasaadused .......................................................................................................................................................86 3.4 KOKKUVÕTE ..........................................................................................................................................87 IV PEATÜKK. KÄSITÖÖ JA TÖÖNDUS 4.1 TOOTMISKOHAD ..................................................................................................................................88 4.1.1 Rauatootmiskohad................................................................................................................................................88