A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Borg, Anders Article Keynote Address CESifo Forum Provided in Cooperation with: Ifo Institute – Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich Suggested Citation: Borg, Anders (2011) : Keynote Address, CESifo Forum, ISSN 2190-717X, ifo Institut - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung an der Universität München, München, Vol. 12, Iss. 3, pp. 18-20 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/166448 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. 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Looking at the results, I would argue that the Nordic model has been successful, ANDERS BORG when it comes to combining high employment, Minister for Finance, Kingdom of Sweden favourable growth and good social cohesion: the Nordic countries have rather low poverty rates and a low degree of income inequality. Ladies and Gentlemen, There are three reasons for the success of the Nordic I am a little more optimistic about Europe’s future countries in achieving a high labour participation than Professor Hans-Werner Sinn. To be sure, Sweden ratio combined with a low unemployment rate, while used to have the highest government share of GDP in in the Mediterranean countries the opposite is true. Europe. As mentioned in the previous contribution, The first is that the Nordics have a strong growth cul- Denmark scores now higher, with 56 percent of GDP, ture: they are open to trade, technology and change. followed by France (55 percent), Belgium, Finland But they include a strong belief in rational engineer- and Sweden (all at 53 percent). In addition Sweden ing, not only with respect to manufacturing compa- has a balanced budget. According to the latest fore- nies but also to social engineering of their welfare cast, the country will have this year a budget surplus states. They are also societies that are based on a high of, at least, 1 to 2 percent. The reason I am more opti- degree of trust: if someone enters a business deal, it is mistic is that the European social model – the social believed that they will adhere to what they say. If peo- market economy – is efficient and can adapt to the ple are required to pay taxes, they will pay taxes. And challenges of the future. I argue that if we introduce they assume that the people who collect the tax rev- more labour market reforms and perform stringent enues will use them in a decent and efficient way. fiscal policy in Europe, there is a good potential for These countries have also been able to achieve a high the entire society to be endowed with economic degree of price stability and low deficits, which is growth, low unemployment and a decent degree of important for a society’s sense of stability. In addi- social cohesion. tion, they also strive to uphold employment through demand policy. This is the reason why safeguarding low deficits and debt levels has always been crucial in Why is the Nordic model superior? these countries. Furthermore, their labour markets are also quite flexible, with strong but responsible There are many different social models – not just one unions, where wage increases are matched to produc- European one. The Nordic model is based on a well- tivity. And there is also a strong employment record. I functioning labour market with a high degree of would argue that there are some general lessons to be unionization, but also very strong work ethics. This learned from the Nordics that could be applied to all model is equipped with fairly high taxes accompanied countries. by efficient tax systems. The Continental model is similar with respect to work ethics and also to fairly strong unions, but has a stronger corporate system. Reasons for Swedish success Thirdly, there is the Anglo-Saxon model, with a low level of tax but also a means-tested welfare system. Why has Sweden been successful? My point is not that Nevertheless, it has a very flexible labour market and we have to abandon the social market economy in weak unions. Finally the Mediterranean countries Europe. I emphasize that with limited adjustments we have a system with rather strong employment protec- can make it work much more efficiently. First and tion, a more rigid labour market and also a fairly large foremost is the commitment to sound public finances. welfare state, which is, however, basically focused on Flexibility is required in a crisis to restore the frame- CESifo Forum 3/2011 18 Panel 1 work for fiscal policy. The Swedish debt amounted labour market policy measures. But the Swedish sys- 46 percent of GDP when I became the Minister of tem comprises a lot of tax-based incentives. If a com- Finance in 2006, and is expected to reach 36 percent pany hires someone who has been unemployed for this year. Such a significant reduction is not only due over a year, it receives a double deduction in social to good policies in the short term, but also to policies insurance contributions: they are waived for the new in the past instituted by the previous Social employee, and the government subsidizes an addition- Democratic government. There has been a dramatic al contribution for as long as the individual has been change in the fiscal policy framework within the last unemployed. The social insurance contributions have twenty years: in the early 1990s Sweden had, along also been cut in half for individuals. For household with Greece, the weakest budget situation in Europe. services and repairs, the tax wedge has been reduced significantly, because in those areas a wedge is partic- A particular aspect of the welfare state is that there is ularly costly in a high-tax society such as ours. These a strong incentive for people to leave the labour mar- are not huge shifts at all. But Sweden has shifted the ket, since a decent income is guaranteed even if they balance towards dynamism and stronger incentives for are unemployed. That means that the driving forces to the employable to join the labour market. This can re-enter the labour market are weaker. This is partic- obviously be done in any country. ularly dangerous for low-income workers: in general they do not have a promising wage career, do not love Let me point out that we used to have much higher their job and so on. For them it is extremely impor- taxes in Sweden, as shown in Figure 1. If we go back tant to have strong economic incentives. That is why ten years, the tax rate was almost 40 percent. The red Sweden has introduced an earned-income tax credit. line is the tax rate when I became Minister of Finance This system is based on earned income with the pur- in 2006, and the blue line is the current rate. The coun- pose of reducing the wedge between being on welfare try has cut taxes substantially at the lower end in benefits and working. order to provide stronger incentives to join the labour market. With a good welfare system there is a huge Sweden has also implemented a substantial amount threshold effect. If a poor person joins the labour of pro-growth reforms. Ownership, as we all know, is market, welfare benefits, as well as unemployment important for entrepreneurship. The wealth tax has and housing benefits, are reduced. Thus, for rather been scrapped and the previous Social Democratic large groups of individuals there is very little return if government also eliminated the inheritance tax. In they decide to work. By reducing the taxes at the addition, Sweden reduced the corporate tax rate, cut lower end such a system lowers the threshold effect, social insurance fees, and deregulated large sectors of with very strong employment effects. According to the the economy. According to the latest employment calculations of the Swedish National Institute of forecasts, the country expects 3-percent employment Research, the impact would be equal to a 10-percent growth in the next few years. A large part of that is increase in income for a female employee working now coming from the social ser- vices provided by the private sec- tor, such as private schools and Figure 1 REDUCED MARGINAL AND AVERAGE TAX RATES IN SWEDEN private health care. Moreover, 60% education is a cornerstone of the reform: it is essential to encour- 50% age students to move into the MTR w/o EITC + threshold more sophisticated subjects as 40% well as to improve the training of teachers and to raise their salary. 30% Better students and better teach- 20% ers in maths and in the natural rate tax Marginal MTR w.