1 PROTECTED AREAS AND OTHER EFFECTIVE AREA-BASED 2 CONSERVATION MEASURES IN CANADA: A GUIDEBOOK FOR 3 THEIR IDENTIFICATION AND FOR THE APPLICATION OF IUCN 4 PROTECTED AREA CATEGORIES 5 6 Consultation Draft Version 1 – May, 2018 7 8 9 Canadian Council on Ecological Areas 10 11 12 i DRAFT – MAY 2018 13 Contents 14 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 1 15 1.1 ROLE OF THIS CANADIAN GUIDEBOOK ......................................................................................... 1 16 1.2 GLOBAL AND NATIONAL COMMITMENTS TO BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION USING PROTECTED 17 AREAS 3 18 1.3 TRACKING CANADA’S PROGRESS .................................................................................................. 5 19 2 “PROTECTED AREAS” AND “OTHER EFFECTIVE AREA-BASED CONSERVATION MEASURES” – SETTING 20 THE CONTEXT ................................................................................................................................................ 8 21 2.1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF PROTECTED AREAS ...................................................................................... 8 22 2.2 DEFINING “PROTECTED AREAS” .................................................................................................. 10 23 2.3 DEFINING OTHER EFFECTIVE AREA-BASED CONSERVATION MEASURES (OECMs) .................... 11 24 2.4 THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY .............................................. 12 25 2.5 THE WORLD HERITAGE CONVENTION AND PROTECTED AREAS IN CANADA ............................. 15 26 2.6 OTHER INTERNATIONAL DESIGNATIONS FOR CONSERVATION .................................................. 15 27 2.7 IUCN GUIDANCE REGARDING MINING AND PROTECTED AREAS................................................ 16 28 3 THE IUCN PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT CATEGORIES: APPLICATION IN CANADA ..................... 18 29 3.1 BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................. 18 30 3.2 CANADIAN INTERPRETATION: CONTEXT..................................................................................... 20 31 3.3 ADDITIONAL GUIDANCE FOR THE CANADIAN INTERPRETATION OF THE IUCN CATEGORIES .... 22 32 3.4 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE MANAGEMENT CATEGORIES ................................................................. 23 33 3.4.1 Category Ia: Strict Nature Reserve ...................................................................................... 25 34 3.4.2 Category Ib: Wilderness area .............................................................................................. 28 35 3.4.3 Category II: National Park ................................................................................................... 31 36 3.4.4 Category III: Natural monument or feature ........................................................................ 34 37 3.4.5 Category IV: Habitats/species management area .............................................................. 37 38 3.4.6 Category V: Protected landscape/seascape ........................................................................ 40 39 3.4.7 Category VI: Protected area with sustainable use of natural resources ............................ 43 40 3.5 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE PROTECTED AREAS CATEGORIES .............................................. 46 41 3.6 APPLYING THE CATEGORIES ........................................................................................................ 47 42 4 GUIDANCE FOR APPLYING OTHER EFFECTIVE AREA-BASED CONSERVATION MEASURES (OECMs) IN 43 CANADA ...................................................................................................................................................... 49 44 4.1 DEFINITION OF AN OECM – A DETAILED DISCUSSION ................................................................ 49 45 4.2 ELEMENTS OF THE OECM DEFINITION ........................................................................................ 51 46 4.3 IDENTIFYING OECMs IN PRACTICE – IUCN’s RAPID ASSESSMENT SCREENING TOOL ................. 55 47 4.3.1 Screening Tool ..................................................................................................................... 56 48 4.3.2 Applying the Screening Tool ............................................................................................... 57 ii DRAFT – MAY 2018 49 4.4 EXAMPLES OF POTENTIAL OECMs .............................................................................................. 59 50 4.4.1 Primary conservation .......................................................................................................... 59 51 4.4.2 Secondary conservation ...................................................................................................... 59 52 4.4.3 Ancillary conservation ......................................................................................................... 60 53 4.5 EXAMPLES OF AREAS UNLIKELY TO MEET THE OECM CRITERIA ................................................. 60 54 4.6 RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF GOVERNANCE AUTHORITIES ............................................... 61 55 4.7 MONITORING AND REPORTING OECMS ..................................................................................... 61 56 5 Decision Support Tools for Canada: Documenting and Deciding on Protected Areas and OECMs .... 63 57 5.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 63 58 5.2 PRIMARY DECISION SUPPORT TOOL FOR CANADA: DOCUMENTING AND DECIDING ON OECMs 59 AND PROTECTED AREAS ......................................................................................................................... 63 60 5.2.1 Developing the Decision-Support Tool for Canada ............................................................. 63 61 5.3 SECONDARY DECISION-SUPPORT TOOL: DETERMINING BEST PRACTICES AND MINIMUM 62 STANDARDS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF MINING ACTIVITIES ON PROTECTED AREAS AND OECMs ... 66 63 5.3.1 IUCN Guidance Regarding Mining and Protected Areas ..................................................... 66 64 5.3.2 Developing Guidance for Mining and Protected areas and OECMs in the Canadian Context 65 67 66 5.4 APPLYING THE DECISION-SUPPORT TOOLS ................................................................................ 69 67 5.4.1 Using the Primary Decision-support Tool ........................................................................... 69 68 5.4.2 Using the Supplementary Subsurface Rights Decision-support Tool ................................. 73 69 5.5 USING THE SCREENING TEMPLATE ............................................................................................. 76 70 6 Interpreting the Primary Decision Support Tool ................................................................................. 78 71 “Geographical Space” .......................................................................................................................... 78 72 “Effective Means -1” ........................................................................................................................... 78 73 Effective Means – 2 ............................................................................................................................. 79 74 “Long-term”......................................................................................................................................... 79 75 “Dedicated” ......................................................................................................................................... 79 76 “Timing” .............................................................................................................................................. 80 77 “Scope of Objectives” .......................................................................................................................... 80 78 “Primacy of Objectives” ....................................................................................................................... 81 79 “ Governing Authorities” ..................................................................................................................... 82 80 “Biodiversity Conservation Outcomes” ............................................................................................... 83 81 7 MARINE PROTECTED AREAS and OECMS in Canada – UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS and Issues for 82 Interpretation ............................................................................................................................................. 85 83 7.1 Governance and Seabed Ownership in Canada (adapted from McKay and Nowlan, 2017) ...... 85 84 7.2 Differences between marine and terrestrial ecosystems important for MPAs and OECMs ...... 86 iii DRAFT – MAY 2018 85 7.3 Application of the IUCN Protected Area Management Categories to MPAs .............................. 88 86 7.4 Interpretation of Key Issues for Canadian Marine Protected Areas ........................................... 94 87 8 GOVERNANCE ..................................................................................................................................... 99 88 8.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 99 89 8.2 Description of Governance Types ............................................................................................