LAND TENURE AND PROPERTY RIGHTS FRAMEWORK SEPTEMBER 2013 This tool was prepared by Tetra Tech on behalf of USAID, under the Property Rights and Resource Governance Program under the Prosperity, Livelihoods and Critical Ecosystems (PLACE) Indefinite Quantity Contract (IQC) Contract No. EPP-I-00-06-00008-00, Task Order 002. For more information on this tool, please contact: Dr. Gregory Myers, Division Chief, Land Tenure and Property Rights, E3/LTRM, USAID, [email protected]. Dr. Mark Freudenberger, Senior Technical Advisor/Manager, Property Rights and Resource Governance Program, Tetra Tech, [email protected]. LAND TENURE AND PROPERTY RIGHTS FRAMEWORK SEPTEMBER 2013 DISCLAIMER The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. CONTENTS ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................... III 1.0 PREFACE ................................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 A FRAMEWORK FOR LAND TENURE AND PROPERTY RIGHTS ........................ 5 2.1 LTPR FRAMEWORK AND TOOLS ............................................................................ 5 2.2 LAND TENURE AND PROPERTY RIGHTS ........................................................ 5 2.3 RELEVANCE OF LTPR TO USAID BUREAU AND MISSION PROGRAMMING ........................................................................................................ 8 3.0 OVERARCHING THEMES FOR LAND TENURE AND PROPERTY RIGHTS ..... 11 3.1 UNDERSTANDING THE EVOLUTION OF LAND TENURE AND PROPERTY RIGHTS ................................................................................................. 11 3.2 RESOURCE TENURE IN KEY US GOVERNMENT STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................... 12 3.2.1 PROPERTY RIGHTS, FOOD SECURITY, AND REDUCING HUNGER ......................................................................................................... 12 3.2.2 PROPERTY RIGHTS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, INVESTMENT, AND LAND MARKETS ............................................................................... 14 3.2.3 PROPERTY RIGHTS AND DEMOCRATIC LAND GOVERNANCE ............................................................................................. 16 3.2.4 PROPERTY RIGHTS, CONFLICT, AND INSTABILITY...................... 17 3.2.5 PROPERTY RIGHTS AND THE CHALLENGE OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ..................................................................................... 18 3.2.6 PROPERTY RIGHTS, NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND BIODIVERSITY ................................................................................... 19 3.2.7 PROPERTY RIGHTS AND ENHANCING WOMEN’S ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT ......................................................................................... 21 3.2.8 PROPERTY RIGHTS, GLOBAL HEALTH, POVERTY, AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES .............................................................................. 21 3.2.9 PROPERTY RIGHTS, INDIGENOUS PEOPLES, AND MINORITIES ................................................................................................... 22 3.2.10 PROPERTY RIGHTS AND POST-DISASTER RESPONSE AND RECOVERY ..................................................................................................... 23 3.3 SECURING RESOURCE RIGHTS AND IMPROVING RESOURCE GOVERNANCE ......................................................................................................... 24 3.3.1 SECURING RESOURCE RIGHTS ............................................................. 24 3.3.2 POLICY AND LAW ..................................................................................... 24 3.3.3 INSTITUTION BUILDING AND INFORMATION DISSEMINATION .......................................................................................... 25 3.3.4 PARTICIPATORY LAND AND RESOURCE PLANNING ................. 26 LAND TENURE AND PROPERTY RIGHTS FRAMEWORK i 4.0 LTPR MATRIX: A TOOL FOR VISUALIZING THE LTPR UNIVERSE .................... 27 4.1 LTPR MATRIX ............................................................................................................ 27 4.2 MATRIX OVERLAYS ................................................................................................ 28 4.3 CATEGORIES OF LTPR CONSTRAINTS .......................................................... 30 4.4 LTPR INTERVENTIONS .......................................................................................... 31 4.5 CROSSCUTTING THEMES .................................................................................... 35 4.6 USING THE MATRIX............................................................................................... 36 5.0 METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING LTPR CONSTRAINTS AND INTERVENTIONS ................................................................................................................. 37 5.1 LAND TENURE AND PROPERTY RIGHTS MATRIX .................................... 38 5.2 COUNTRY PROFILES ............................................................................................. 39 5.3 SITUATION ASSESSMENT AND INTERVENTION PLANNING TOOL .. 39 5.4 IMPACT EVALUATION TOOL ............................................................................ 40 6.0 LTPR INTERVENTIONS AND SEQUENCING ............................................................ 41 6.1 SEQUENCING=CONTENT, SCALE, TIMING, AND ORDERING ............ 41 6.2 WHEN TO CONSIDER SEQUENCING ............................................................ 41 6.3 WELL-FORMED OBJECTIVES WILL DRIVE SEQUENCING ........................ 41 6.4 SUSTAINING RESULTS AND SEQUENCING OF LTPR INTERVENTIONS ..................................................................................................... 42 6.5 SEQUENCING TOOLS AND MAXIMS .............................................................. 43 7.0 LTPR TRAINING ................................................................................................................... 45 7.1 LTPR TRAINING AUDIENCES, METHODS, AND MATERIALS ................. 45 8.0 LTPR KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT ........................................................................... 47 ANNEX A: CATEGORIES OF LTPR CONSTRAINTS AND INTERVENTIONS COMPRISING THE MATRIX ............................................................................................. 49 ANNEX B: MATRIX OVERLAY SUMMARY TABLES ............................................................. 63 ANNEX C: GLOSSARY OF COMMON LAND AND LAND TENURE TERMS ............. 85 SOURCES ................................................................................................................................ 98 ii LAND TENURE AND PROPERTY RIGHTS FRAMEWORK ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AusAID Australian Agency for International Development BASIS Broadening Access and Strengthening Input Systems DFID UK Department for International Development ENR Environment and Natural Resources FAO United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization GLUT Gaining with Land Use Transactions GTZ German Technical Cooperation Agency (now GIZ) HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome IDP Internally Displaced Person IIED International Institute for Environment and Development IQC Indefinite Quantity Contract KM Knowledge Management LAG Land Administration Guidelines LTC University of Wisconsin Land Tenure Center LTD Land Tenure and Property Rights Division LTPR Land Tenure and Property Rights OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development PLACE Prosperity, Livelihoods, and Conserving Ecosystems PRRGP Property Rights and Resource Governance Program RAISE Rural and Agricultural Incomes with a Sustainable Environment SAIP Situation Assessment and Intervention Planning Tool TO Task Order UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe USAID United States Agency for International Development USG United States Government LAND TENURE AND PROPERTY RIGHTS FRAMEWORK iii 1.0 PREFACE Resource tenure and property rights challenges are present in almost every country where the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) works. In many countries, tenure and property rights problems are so grave that they create political instability, violence, population displacement, famine, and environmental destruction, which significantly undermine or prevent successful implementation of many USAID programs. Over the last decade, the demand to address property rights issues has increased from both USAID field missions and host country governments. The increase in demand is due, in part, to a growing awareness among development practitioners of the role played by property rights (and natural resource access and use) in economic growth, governance, and conflict and resource management. USAID and its partners have learned a great deal over the last three decades about the relationship between property rights and economic growth, productivity, and to a lesser extent, natural resource management and conflict. There are several important lessons learned from the last decade of research and policy work on property rights with a particular emphasis on land and resource tenure. 1. Land tenure and property rights (LTPR) systems are fundamental to a wide variety of development outcomes. Secure land tenure improves food security, economic growth, and natural resource management