January 66 UNITEDSTATESARMY COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE FORT LEAVENWORTH, KANSAS COMMANDANT Maj Gen Harrg J. Ledeg, Jr. ASSISTANT COMMANDANT Col Jack A. Boulger Military Review Professional Journal of the US Army SocialSciences . , . Lt Col William M. Hartness,USAR, Ret 3 SovietMilitaryInstitutions . ‘. VyacheslavP. Artemiev 11 last Cavalry Charge . Leo Heiman 15 InternationalDisarmament . , . Curt Gasteyger 23 “Win’’—ItsMeaning . ~ . Cot LeilynM.Young,USA 30 Victoryand Morality . Maj Clinton E. Granger,Jr.,USA 40 Output Measurement . fvfajWilliam E. Odom, USA 43 Men and Equipment . , . Brig C. N. Barclay,British Army, Ret 52 Chineseand Escalation . ., . DavisB. Bobrow 60 Decision of Paddy O’Rorke . Lt Cot Harry J. Maihafer,USA 66 People’sWar . .. “. MarshalLin Piao,Red ChineseArmy 71 / PeopleDiplomacy . Col David M. Ramsey,Jr.,USA, Ret 66 CommunicationsTask . Maj Robert M. Springer,Jr.,USA 92 MilitaryNotes . 101 MilitaryBooks . 106 The Military Review, a publication of the UNITED STATESARMY, provides a forum for the expression of military thought with emphasis on doctrine concerning the division and higher levels of command. The VIEWS expressed in this magazine ARE THE AUTHORk’ and not necessarily those of the US Army or the Command and General Staff College. Edito; in Chief Col Donald J. Delaney Associate Editor Col Algin J. Hughes Army War College Assistant Editor Lt Cot A. Leroy Covay ,. Featurea EdNor Maj Robert L. Burke Layout EWr Capt John A. Maclntyre, Jr. SpatrIsh.Amarican Editor Maj Ren6 Ramos Brazilian Editor Lt Col Luiz de A, Araripa Protluation Officer Maj Norman C. Murray staff Artist Charlas A. Moors MILITARY REVISW-Publishad monthly by the U. S. Arnr Command and General Staff Collaga, Fort Leav­ enwmfh, Kansas, in En Iish, Spanish, and Portuguese. i ae of funds for printing of this publication has been approved by Had quarters, rfment of She ArmY, 2S Afay 19SS. Sacond-slees postage~ ~d- at?% Le*en worth, Kansas. Subscription rates $3.50 (US currency] a year in tha Umted States, nited States mihtary peat o~ces, and thoee countries which are members of the Pan-American Postal Union tinoludirr Spain); $4.50 a year in all other coontwes. Addrees subscri tion mail to the Scok Oeparfrrrant, U. ! Army Command and Genarel Staff College, Fort LeavenworthK. Kansas 6S027. IN APPRECIATION With this issue the Military Review completes 44 years of publication as the Army’s senior professional journal. The year was one of achievement and change. Circulation increased, our “articles were more widely re­ printed than ever before, new ideas were advanced, and old solutions were debated. Once again, you, our readers and authors, have given us your wholehearted support and cooperation. Your vol­ untary contributions for publication reached a new high in both number and professional character, and your nu­ merous expressions of confidence in our objectives and editorial standards have been a source of inspiration and satisfaction. We would like to say our public farewells to Briga­ dier General E. C. Townsend, Assistant Commandant from April 1963 to December 1965, who has been reas­ signed as Commanding General, US Army Intelligence Command, with headquarters at Fort Holabird, Mary­ land, and to six valuable members of our editorial staff who departed during the past yearyLleutenant Colonel Albert N. Garland, Assistant Editor; Lieutenant Colonel J050 H. Fac6, Editor of the Brazilian Edition; Major Rob­ ert L. Burke, Features Editor; Major James N. Hale, Ex­ ecutive. Officer; Captain John A. MacIntyre and First Lieutenant Robert K. Lindgren, Layout Editors. We wish them euccess in their new assignments. With your continued support, we will endeavor to bring you in the coming year the best in military thought and evolving military doctrine. Commandant, U. S. Army Command and General Staff College Editoriul Staff, the MImrAR~ REVIEW “ Social and Behavioral Sciences in Counterinsurgency Lieutenant CMonel WilIiam M. Hartnea.% United States Armu Reserve, Retired N MARCH 1962 the Chief of Re- States, two salient points were agreed Isearch and Development, Depart­ upon. First, insurgency and counter­ ment of the Army,. sponsored a sym­ insurgency, although two opposing ac­ posium on “The US Army’s Limited tivities, have as their common ohjac­ War Mission and Social Science Re­ tive the winning of paople’s minds and search.” As a result of this sympo­ support. In attaining thh objecthe, sium, attended by some of the fore­ the social sciences have a major role most social scientists in the United to play. Second, the development of January1366 3 .. SOCIAL SCIEN&S the social sciences lags considerably able data eits unread on the ehelves behind that of the pbyeical sciences. of reference libraries, Or, if read, it is in many instances relegated to Information A~ifable background information in tlie mind Since this symposium, social and be­ of the reader, To be truly effective, havioral science research in peychol- the information must be extracted Ogy, sociology, anthropology, political from the many written works avail­ science, h]etory, economics, and inter­ able and adapted and applied in come national relations has heen delving definitive manner to counterinsur­ deeply into the rationale re@ired for gency. relating general smial science to coun­ In the type of environment in which terinsurgency requirements. We now insurgency” flourishes, technicsl devel­ have readily available more informa­ opment ie highly dependent upon the tion about the behavioral patterna and eocial and behavioral sciencee for suc­ focal concerns of people in remote cess. It ia no longer efficient to pos­ areas of the world than ever before. seee only the technical know-how for We have gone a long way in deter­ improving the health, standard of liv­ mining and defining how the over-all ing, and internal security of an emerg­ culture of a &a&lcular group or 80­ ing nation. Technical projects have ciety can be translated into predict­ failed, not because of lack of ekill and able forms of onduct. + equipment, but because of sociological In ehort, we have made a concerted factors. Yet the information which, effort to study those newly emerging if applied, could have meant success nations most susceptible to insurgency, ineteed of failure was readily avail­ accumulating a vast reservoir of data able. on population sise and distribution, basic racial stock and cbaracteriatiee, Applicationof Oata ethnic and minority groups, social We must now develop waye and structur% and culture. These and many means by whkh social and behavioral other sociological fields have been re­ data can be practically applied in the searched in order to find out how these counterinsurgency arena. If the prin­ factors interrelate and cause various cipal objective of counterinsurgency groups to thi~ and act se they do. is, indeed, to gain control over the Unfortunately, much of this velu- minde and emotions of a people and win their suppprt, then the role of the Lieutcmwct Colonel William M. eocial and behavioral sciences is in­ Hartncse, United Statee Amnu Re­ valuable. serve, Retired, is a C%ufitert%eurgenov 05iciaUy defined, insurgency is: Consultant wtth the US Arnw Combat Dsvelopmente Command Special War­ . a condition reewlting’ from a fare Agsncy at Fort Bragg, North revolt or ineckrrection againet G con­ Carolina. Prior to his retirement, he stituted government which fcdb ehort WU8 Chief. Coanterkwwgenoy Com­ of civit war. In the ocwwnt contezt, mittee, US Acvnv InteUigence School 8WbVW8iVt? irwurgcnql ia prhnurily at Fort Holabird, Marplawd. He ie the Communist impired, ez@ported, or ex­ recipiat of the Central InteUigcnoe ploited. Agenqfe 196$ annual awac’d for out­ standing wntributione to intelligmcee ActuaUy, the term ‘(insurgency” is through lit’iwature for his reaenrch in probably one of the most misunder­ wwnteritwurgenelt inteUigwwe. stood words in common use today. It 4. Military Review is generally reaJized that the scope throughout the entire insurgency of insurgency embracee more than procees, juet as guerrilla warfare, guerrilla warfare, that somewhere in once introduced, continues on and the picture economic, poJitieal, and supports the tlnal conventional-type , other sociological feetore are involved. warfare phaee. But the exact role of theee factors Subversion lays the groundwork for —how they are applied in the i~sur­ insurgency, and, without thk+ subver­ gency process-is understood by few. sion, which is designed to cond]tion The broad conceDt of insurxencv the minds of a ueenle asrainet their ,. A?WWNew.Fe.ztuves “Sick Call” conducted by the US-spens&d Medical Civil Actien Program and the Vietnamese Government has treated ever 100,000patients in rural Vietnam might be better understood if we re­ government, guerrilla warfare cannot fer to it as a three-phase process of be successful. The hard-core guerrilla insurrection beginning with subver­ force in an insu~gency movement nor­ sion which progresses into guerrilla mally doee not exceed one percent of warfare and which, if not stemmed, the total population in a country, and may lead into a war of movement cannot long exist without the. support employing conventionally organized of a sizable eegtnent of the population. forces. These three phaees of insur­ During pbaee I, Communist doctrine gency are not rigidly delineated or prescribes tbbomplisbment of five fitted into specific periods of time. progressive activities: They overlap. Subversion continues � Eetabliehingan inteUigencebase Jmuzry 1965 5 1’ SOCIALsCiENm